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Read Ebook: The Elements of Botany For Beginners and For Schools by Gray Asa
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Ebook has 171 lines and 83990 words, and 4 pages
Growth from the Seed, Organs of Vegetation 11 Blossoming, Flower, &c. 14
Germinating Maples 15 Cotyledons thickened, hypogaeous in germination 18 Store of Food external to the Embryo 20 Cotyledons as to number 22 Dicotyledonous and Polycotyledonous 23 Monocotyledonous 24 Simple-stemmed Plants 26
Buds, situation and kinds 27 Vigorous vegetation from strong Buds 28 Arrangement of Branches 29 Non-developed, Latent, and Accessory Buds 30 Enumeration of kinds of Buds 31 Definite and Indefinite growth; Deliquescent and Excurrent 31
Primary and Secondary. Contrast between Stem and Root 34 Fibrous and Fleshy Roots; names of kinds 34 Anomalous Roots. Epiphytic and Parasitic Plants 36 Duration: Annuals, Biennials, Perennials 37
Those above Ground: kinds and modifications 39 Subterranean Stems and Branches 42 Rootstock 42 Tuber 44 Corm 45 Bulb and Bulblets 46 Consolidated Vegetation 47
? 1. LEAVES AS FOLIAGE 49
Parts and Venation 50 Forms as to general outline 52 As to apex and particular outline 53 As to lobing or division 56 Compound, Perfoliate, and Equitant Leaves 57 With no distinction of Petiole and Blade, Phyllodia, &c. 61
? 2. LEAVES OF SPECIAL CONFORMATION AND USE 62
Leaves for storage 62 Leaves as bud-scales 63 Spines 64 and for Climbing 64 Pitchers 64 and Fly-traps 65
? 3. STIPULES 66
? 4. THE ARRANGEMENT OF LEAVES 67
Phyllotaxy 67 Of Alternate Leaves 69 Of Opposite and Whorled Leaves 71 Vernation or Praefoliation 71
? 1. POSITION AND ARRANGEMENT, INFLORESCENCE 73
Raceme 73 Corymb, Umbel, Spike, Head 74 Spadix, Catkin, or Ament 75 Panicle: Determinate Inflorescence 76 Cyme, Fascicle, Glomerule, Scorpioid or Helicoid Cymes 77 Mixed Inflorescence 78
? 2. PARTS OR ORGANS OF THE FLOWER 79
Floral Envelopes: Perianth, Calyx, Corolla 79 Essential Organs: Stamen, Pistil 80 Torus or Receptacle 81
? 3. PLAN OF THE FLOWER 81
When perfect, complete, regular, or symmetrical 81 Numerical Plan and Alternation of Organs 82 Flowers are altered branches 83
? 4. MODIFICATIONS OF THE TYPE 85
Unisexual or diclinous 85 Incomplete, Irregular, and Unsymmetrical 86 Flowers with Multiplication of Parts 88 Flowers with Union of Parts: Coalescence 88 Regular Forms 89 Irregular Forms 90 Papilionaceous 91 Labiate 92 and Ligulate Corollas 93 Adnation or Consolidation 94 Position of Flower or of its Parts 96
? 5. ARRANGEMENT OF PARTS IN THE BUD 97
AEstivation or Praefloration, its kinds 97
Androecium 98 Insertion, Relation, &c. 99 Anther and Filament. Pollen 101
? 1. ANGIOSPERMOUS OR ORDINARY GYNOECIUM 105
Parts of a complete Pistil 105 Carpels, Simple Pistil 106 Compound Pistil with Cells and Axile Placentae 107 One-celled with Free Central Placenta 108 One-celled with Parietal Placentae 108
? 2. GYMNOSPERMOUS GYNOECIUM 109
Their Parts, Insertion, and Kinds 111
Torus, Stipe, Carpophore, Disk 113
? 1. ADAPTATIONS FOR POLLINATION OF THE STIGMA 114
Close and Cross Fertilization, Anemophilous and Entomophilous 115 Dichogamy and Heterogony 116
? 2. ACTION OF THE POLLEN AND FORMATION OF THE EMBRYO 117
Nature and kinds 118 Berry, Pepo, Pome 119 Drupe and Akene 120 Cremocarp, Caryopsis, Nut 121 Follicle, Legume, Capsule 122 Capsular Dehiscence, Silique and Silicle 123 Pyxis, Strobile or Cone 124
Seed-coats and their appendages 125 The Kernel or Nucleus, Embryo and its parts, Albumen 127
? 1. ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE AND GROWTH 129
Nature of Growth, Protoplasm 129 Cells and Cell-walls. Cellular Structure or Tissue 130 Strengthening Cells. Wood, Wood-cells, Vessels or Ducts 132
? 2. CELL- 136
Sap, Chlorophyll, Starch 136 Crystals, Rhaphides 137
? 3. ANATOMY OF ROOTS AND STEMS 138
Endogenous and Exogenous Stems 139 Particular structure of the latter 140 Wood, Sapwood and Heart-wood. The living parts of a Tree 141
? 4. ANATOMY OF LEAVES 142
Epidermis, Stomata or Breathing pores 143
? 5. PLANT FOOD AND ASSIMILATION 144
? 6. PLANT WORK AND MOVEMENT 149
Movements in Cells or Cyclosis 149 Transference from Cell to Cell 150 Movements of Organs, Twining Stems, Leaf-movements 150 Movements of Tendrils, Sensitiveness 152 Movements in Flowers 153 Movements for capture of Insects 154 Work costs, using up Material and Energy 155
Vascular Cryptogams, Pteridophytes 156 Horsetails , Ferns 157 Club-Mosses , &c. 161 Quillworts , Pillworts 161 Azolla. Cellular Cryptogams 162 Bryophytes. Mosses 163 Liverworts 164 Thallophytes 165 Characeae 167 Algae, Seaweeds, &c. 168 Lichenes or Lichens 171 Fungi 172
? 1. KINDS AND RELATIONSHIP 175
Species, Varieties, Individuals 176 Genera, Orders, Classes, &c. 177
? 2. NAMES, TERMS AND CHARACTERS 178
Nomenclature of Genera, Species, and Varieties 179 Nomenclature of Orders, Classes, &c. Terminology 180
? 3. SYSTEM 181
Artificial and Natural 182 Synopsis of Series, Classes, &c. 183
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