Read Ebook: The Elements of Botany For Beginners and For Schools by Gray Asa

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Artificial and Natural 182 Synopsis of Series, Classes, &c. 183

? 1. COLLECTION OR HERBORIZATION 184

? 2. HERBARIUM 186

? 3. INVESTIGATION AND DETERMINATION OF PLANTS 187

? 4. SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS 188

ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF BOTANISTS 190

GLOSSARY COMBINED WITH INDEX 193

ELEMENTS OF BOTANY.

CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS, or CRYPTOGAMS, come from minute bodies, which answer to seeds, but are of much simpler structure, and such plants have not stamens and pistils. Therefore they are called in English FLOWERLESS PLANTS. Such are Ferns, Mosses, Algae or Seaweeds, Fungi, etc. These sorts have each to be studied separately, for each class or order has a plan of its own.

FOOTNOTES:

? 1. LEAVES AS FOLIAGE.

The first six of these terms can be applied to the lower as well as to the upper end of a leaf or other organ. The others belong to the apex only.

? 2. LEAVES OF SPECIAL CONFORMATION AND USE.

? 3. STIPULES.

? 4. THE ARRANGEMENT OF LEAVES.

? 1. POSITION AND ARRANGEMENT OF FLOWERS, OR INFLORESCENCE.

? 2. PARTS OR ORGANS OF THE FLOWER.

? 3. PLAN OF FLOWER.

? 4. MODIFICATIONS OF THE TYPE.

The WINGS , the pair of side petals, of quite different shape from the standard.

The KEEL , the two lower and usually smallest petals; these are lightly coalescent into a body which bears some likeness, not to the keel, but to the prow of a boat; and this encloses the stamens and pistil. A Pea-blossom is a typical example; the present illustration is from a species of Locust, Robinia hispida.

? 5. ARRANGEMENT OF PARTS IN THE BUD.

? 1. ANGIOSPERMOUS OR ORDINARY GYNOECIUM.

VENTRAL SUTURE, the line which answers to the united margins of the carpel-leaf, therefore naturally called a suture or seam, and the ventral or inner one, because in the circle of carpel-leaves it looks inward or to the centre of the flower.

DORSAL SUTURE is the line down the back of the carpel, answering to the midrib of the leaf,--not a seam therefore; but at maturity many fruits, such as pea-pods, open by this dorsal as well as by the ventral line.

PLACENTA, a name given to the surface, whatever it be, which bears the ovules and seeds. The name may be needless when the ovules grow directly on the ventral suture, or from its top or bottom; but when there are many ovules there is usually some expansion of an ovule-bearing or seed-bearing surface; as is seen in our Mandrake or Podophyllum, Fig. 326.

? 2. GYMNOSPERMOUS GYNOECIUM.

KERNEL or NUCLEUS, the body of the ovule. In the Mistletoe and some related plants, there is only this nucleus, the coats being wanting.

TEGUMENTS, or coats, sometimes only one, more commonly two. When two, one has been called PRIMINE, the other SECUNDINE. It will serve all purposes to call them simply outer and inner ovule coats.

CHALAZA, the place where the coats and the kernel of the ovule blend.

HILUM, the place of junction of the funiculus with the body of the ovule.

A STIPE. This name, which means simply a trunk or stalk, is used in botany for various stalks, even for the leaf-stalk in Ferns. It is also applied to the stalk or petiole of a carpel, in the rare cases when there is any, as in Goldthread. Then it is technically distinguished as a THECAPHORE. When there is a stalk, or lengthened internode of receptacle, directly under a compound pistil, as in Stanleya and some other Cruciferae, it is called a GYNOPHORE. When the stalk is developed below the stamens, as in most species of Silene , it has been called an ANTHOPHORE or GONOPHORE. In Fig. 357 the torus is dilated above the calyx where it bears the petals, then there is a long internode between it and the stamens; then a shorter one between these and the pistil.

? 1. ADAPTATIONS FOR POLLINATION OF THE STIGMA.

? 2. ACTION OF POLLEN, AND FORMATION OF THE EMBRYO.

FOOTNOTES:

Beginning with one by C. C. Sprengel in 1793, and again in our day with Darwin, "On the Various Contrivances by which Orchids are fertilized by Insects," and in succeeding works.

RHAPHE, the line or ridge which runs from the hilum to the chalaza in anatropous and amphitropous seeds.

CHALAZA, the place where the seed-coats and the kernel or nucleus are organically connected,--at the hilum in orthotropous and campylotropous seeds, at the extremity of the rhaphe or tip of the seed in other kinds.

? 1. ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE AND GROWTH.

? 2. CELL- 414. The living contents of young and active cells are mainly protoplasm with water or watery sap which this has imbibed. Old and effete cells are often empty of solid matter, containing only water with whatever may be dissolved in it, or air, according to the time and circumstances. All the various products which plants in general elaborate, or which particular plants specially elaborate, out of the common food which they derive from the soil and the air, are contained in the cells, and in the cells they are produced.

? 3. ANATOMY OF ROOTS AND STEMS.

? 4. ANATOMY OF LEAVES.

? 5. PLANT FOOD AND ASSIMILATION.

? 6. PLANT WORK AND MOVEMENT.

FOOTNOTES:

The "Introduction to Cryptogamous Botany," or third volume of "The Botanical Text Book," now in preparation by the author's colleague, Professor Farlow, will be the proper guide in the study of the Flowerless Plants, especially of the Algae and Fungi.

? 1. KINDS AND RELATIONSHIP.

CROSS-BREEDS, strictly so-called, are the variations which come from cross-fertilizing one variety of a species with another.

HYBRIDS are the varieties, if they may be so called,--which come from the crossing of species . Only nearly related species can be hybridized; and the resulting progeny is usually self-sterile, but not always. Hybrid plants, however, may often be fertilized and made prolific by the pollen of one or the other parent. This produces another kind of cross-breeds.

SERIES, CLASS, Subclass, Cohort, ORDER, or FAMILY, Suborder, Tribe, Subtribe, GENUS, Subgenus or Section, SPECIES, Variety.

? 2. NAMES, TERMS, AND CHARACTERS.

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