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Read Ebook: A Guide for the Study of Animals by Lucas Frederic Colby Shinn Harold Brough Smallwood Mabel Elizabeth Whitney Worrallo
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Ebook has 798 lines and 54086 words, and 16 pages
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INTRODUCTORY STUDIES OF LIVING ANIMALS 1
Fly, 1; Maggot, 3; Cockroach, 4; Spider, 5; Cricket, 6; Grasshopper, 7; Butterfly or Moth, 9; Caterpillar, 10; Tussock Moth, 11; Beetle, 13; Damsel Fly Larva, 14; Plant Lice and Scale Bugs, 15; Water Bugs and Beetles, 17; Getting Acquainted with the Library, 18.
STUDIES OF INSECTS 20
Field Studies, 20; Grasshoppers or Locusts, 23; Comparative Study of Orthoptera, 28; Key to Orthoptera, 29; Dragon Fly, 30; Honeybee, 31; General Study of Insects, 33; Review of Insects, 35; Key to Principal Orders, 36; Some Common Butterflies, 38; Summary of Insects, 37; General Review and Library Exercise, 40.
THE CONNECTION BETWEEN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 44
ADAPTATION TO SURROUNDINGS 73
ADAPTATION FOR PROTECTION FROM ENEMIES 83
VERTEBRATES 101
ADAPTATIONS FOR THE PRESERVATION OF THE SPECIES 170
Methods of Reproduction: Simple or Asexual Method, 170; Complex or Sexual Method, 171. Development: Structure of an Egg, 172; Development of an Egg, 173; Metamorphosis of a Mosquito, 174; Metamorphosis of a Butterfly, 176; Development of the Chick, 177. Protection and Care of Young: Library Exercise, 179. Adaptation for the Preservation of the Species: Review and Library Exercise, 180.
POULTRY 182
GLOSSARY 189
A GUIDE FOR THE STUDY OF ANIMALS
INTRODUCTORY STUDIES OF LIVING ANIMALS
In the following brief exercises the primary purpose is to arouse an active, attentive interest on the part of the pupil in various forms of animal life which may be at hand, reminding him of what and how various creatures eat, how they breathe, how they get ideas of the world, how they get about, and perhaps how they succeed where others fail. Of secondary importance is the introduction of laboratory methods by easy stages. The pupil should feel that his natural curiosity is only being directed to definite ends and that he is free to investigate in his own way.
The types here given are only a few of the many to be found in the early fall, and these exercises in several cases may be used for other forms than those definitely mentioned. There should be a great deal of promiscuous collecting by the class, and in the mass of material gathered the following types will probably be fairly abundant.
THE LIVING FLY
Living flies in cages and individual specimens in small wide-mouth vials with cotton stoppers for the admission of air. Sugar crystals may be used for feeding. Simple lenses.
Notice the division of the body into three regions: head, thorax, and abdomen. The six legs, the large wings, and the small feelers may be easily found, as are the large eyes, the extensible mouth, and beneath the larger wings the small undeveloped ones looking like tiny knobs.
a. The entire fly, seen from above, x 4.
THE LIVING MAGGOT
Living specimens in pans or cotton-stoppered bottles, with some food material and moist cloth or paper; lenses.
Notice the general worm-like form of the maggot, or grub, the plain and uniform color, and the absence of all elaborate structures, as wings and feelers.
a. The maggot or grub, side view, x 4.
THE LIVING COCKROACH
Individual specimens in cages, jars, or wide-mouth vials with cotton stoppers to admit air. Several roaches in large cages with material for food and concealment.
a. A cockroach, seen from above.
THE LIVING SPIDER
Living spiders, preferably large ones, in cages; individual specimens in battery jars or wide-mouth bottles. Cocoons. Simple lenses.
Each pupil may feel sure that if treated fairly any of the common spiders may be handled without fear of bite or injury.
Find out the name of your kind of spider.
a. The entire spider, seen from above.
b. A cocoon.
THE LIVING CRICKET
Living crickets in cages, with materials for food and concealment, and individual specimens in wide-mouth bottles or vials with cotton stoppers.
THE LIVING GRASSHOPPER OR LOCUST
Individual specimens in wide-mouth bottles or jars, and other specimens in cages, with turf or foliage for food and concealment. Simple lenses.
Notice the form and size of your specimen, its color, the number of its legs and of its feelers. Find the eyes; the two large eyes, a tiny one between the two feelers, and near the inner edge of each large eye, another tiny one. With a lens notice the markings on the large eyes. Find the mouth, and note its lips and finger-like feelers. Draw out an outer wing, and then carefully draw out the delicate under wing, allowing them both to fold into place again. Under the wings find the circular or crescent-shaped membranes, the eardrums. Watch the grasshopper's body expand and contract in breathing, and find the small breathing holes along each side the body. Compare its rate of breathing with your own.
THE LIVING BUTTERFLY OR MOTH
Individual specimens in large jars or cages, and other specimens in cages with foliage; simple lenses and a needle or pin.
Butterflies may generally be distinguished from moths by their habit of holding their wings together above them when at rest, by the feelers which are knobbed at the end, and by the rather slender abdomen. Moths generally either fold their wings or hold them outstretched, their feelers are not knobbed, and their bodies are rather bulky.
Observe these points in your specimen and the colors of the upper and under sides of the wings. Find the large eyes and examine them with a lens. With the needle or pin carefully uncoil the sucking tube which you may find under the head between two shields. Note the fuzziness of the body and the "dust" which covers the wings. Examine some of this dust under a lens.
a. The butterfly or moth.
b. An antenna .
THE LIVING CATERPILLAR
Living caterpillars in cages or covered jars for individual study, and other specimens in cages with foliage for food or concealment.
The pupil should observe the general form and external construction of the caterpillar, watching it feeding, in action, and at rest.
Notice how the creature moves. Find its head, its segments , and its breathing holes along the sides of the body. Try to find its eyes, any feelers, wings or paddles. Try to loosen it from its support; find the tiny hooks on the feet for clinging fast.
THE TUSSOCK MOTH
Directions for the study of the caterpillar stage will be found in the exercise "The Living Caterpillar," and directions for the study of the adult male form will be found in the exercise "The Living Butterfly or Moth." The female tussock moth is a wingless, thick-bodied creature, gray in color, very downy, and about three fourths of an inch long. The following directions apply more particularly to the study of the cocoons and the general harmfulness of the tussock moth.
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