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Read Ebook: A Guide for the Study of Animals by Lucas Frederic Colby Shinn Harold Brough Smallwood Mabel Elizabeth Whitney Worrallo
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Ebook has 798 lines and 54086 words, and 16 pages
Directions for the study of the caterpillar stage will be found in the exercise "The Living Caterpillar," and directions for the study of the adult male form will be found in the exercise "The Living Butterfly or Moth." The female tussock moth is a wingless, thick-bodied creature, gray in color, very downy, and about three fourths of an inch long. The following directions apply more particularly to the study of the cocoons and the general harmfulness of the tussock moth.
This exercise may be done best outside of the classroom, the pupil answering the questions on scrap paper and rewriting these notes in the laboratory. Living caterpillars, cocoons, some of them bearing their frothy masses of wax and eggs, pupae, and adult moths of both sexes may be used in the laboratory.
The numerous small worm-like creatures often found are the caterpillar stages of another insect, an ichneumon fly, which laid its eggs under the skin of the tussock caterpillar. How has their development affected that of the tussock moth? What great result does nature accomplish by this arrangement?
a. A caterpillar, x 2.
b. A cocoon with its egg mass.
c. A pupa as seen from the under side.
d. An adult moth, either male or female.
THE LIVING BEETLE
Living beetles in cages, together with portions of the plant upon which they are found; or if water beetles are used, they should be kept in aquaria. Individual specimens in battery jars or wide-mouth bottles, and preserved beetles in pans or vials for reference.
THE DAMSEL FLY LARVA
Living larvae of the damsel fly in shallow watch glasses of water for individual use, and others in large pans or aquaria. Simple lenses or dissecting microscopes.
a. The entire larva, x 4.
b. A gill, as seen through the microscope.
c. The feeding apparatus, x 10.
PLANT LICE AND SCALE BUGS
Plant Lice
Plant lice on various kinds of plants, such as house plants, golden glow, and other plants from the garden or field. Garden asters with root lice .
Scale Bugs
Twigs of trees, leaves, fruit, ferns, etc., infested with these bugs. If possible, have samples of San Jos? scales, maple scales, and oyster scales.
a. A single aphis as seen with hand lens.
b. Various scale bugs as seen with a hand lens.
c. Twigs showing the distribution and numbers of scale bugs.
WATER BUGS AND BEETLES
Water Bugs
Water bugs and beetles of several species in small aquaria covered with a wire net.
Summarize your study of the bug by enumerating the various ways the bug is adapted for life in the water.
Water Beetles
Use the same questions for the study of water beetles as for water bugs. In addition answer the following:--
a. The dorsal view of both bug and beetle.
b. Ventral view of the bug's head to show the beak and first pair of legs.
GETTING ACQUAINTED WITH THE LIBRARY
The books in a zo?logical library may be roughly divided into three groups:--
Examine as many of the books in your library as you can and record for each one in your notebook:--
STUDIES OF INSECTS
Look carefully and quietly in the various situations noted below. Do not be in a hurry. Weedy meadows or vacant lots and neglected roadsides are good places for your first trips. Note concerning each insect found: its name or something by which to identify it, where you found it, what it was doing, its probable food. Record these observations in your notebook. Make a special study of such insects as your instructor may designate.
Where to look for Various Insects
Form for Field Trip Report
The notes taken on a field trip may be conveniently tabulated for permanent record in the form indicated below:--
FIELD TRIP REPORT
In case the name of the insect is not known to you, use a number and some designation as to color or other mark by which it may be known until you have leisure to look up its name by means of keys or books on insects.
Special Field Studies
The questions below may be used for a more careful field study of any insect.
Both living and dead specimens of grasshoppers. Various stages of young grasshoppers either dead or living. Some mounted specimens with wings spread. The wings of grasshoppers mounted in pairs between two glass slides for use with microscope or hand lens. Mounted preparations of mouth parts and tracheae.
Examine a preparation of the compound eye with the low power or as demonstrated with the stereopticon. What is the shape of an eye element of the compound eye? About how many eye elements are there in a compound eye?
Describe a trachea as seen in a mounted preparation with the aid of a microscope or stereopticon.
Summary of Important Points in the Study of the Grasshopper
a. Side view with the legs and wings removed. Label all parts shown in this drawing.
b. Face view of the head, showing the simple and compound eyes, the antennae, labrum, and palps.
c. One of the third pair of legs. Label parts.
d. A fore and a hind wing arranged in natural position.
e. A young grasshopper.
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