Read Ebook: The International Auxiliary Language Esperanto: Grammar & Commentary by Cox George

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Ebook has 686 lines and 106303 words, and 14 pages

Grammar and Commentary.

Rules.--Parts of Speech.--The Article.--Nouns.--Adjectives. --Numerals.--Pronouns.--Correlative Words.--Verbs.-- Adverbs.--Prepositions.--Conjunctions.--Interjections. --Remarks on the Suffixes and Prefixes 59-258

Exercises 259-316

Phrases.--Conversation.--Correspondence 317-333

List of Primary Words.--List of Adverbs, Adjectives, Conjunctions, Prepositions, and Adverbial and Prepositional Expressions 334-362

Hints To Learners 363-364

Index 365-371

PART I

ALPHABET .

Aa, Bb, Cc, ??, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, ??, Hh, ??, Ii, Jj, ??, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Pp, Rr, Ss, ??, Tt, Uu, ??, Vv, Zz.

See "Hints to Learners," page 363.

PRONUNCIATION .

For the pronunciation of the vowels, see pars. 8 and 9.

. C and J are the only consonants which have a different sound than in English.

. ? is like the English J.

. J is like the English Y.

. H is always aspirated.

. ?, the small letter, does not require the dot in addition to the circumflex.

. ? is a consonant, and is used in the combinations A? and E? .

N.B.--Do not clip or drag the vowels.

It will be observed that if these double sounds be rapidly made the pronunciation will resemble the English words given, but remember they are each pronounced as one syllable, so the examples "cayenne," "wayward," "Hallelujah," are not strictly correct. AJ, EJ, OJ, UJ, resemble the sound heard in the French words "paille," "oseille," "boyard," "fouille," and A? is heard in the German word "Haus."

SCHEME OF PRONUNCIATION.

Esperanto. Pronunciation. English.

SYNTAX .

. One or more nouns.

The Predicate .

DEFINITIONS .

. A Primary word is one which requires no additional letters to give it a distinct meaning .

. A Simple word is one formed by adding a grammatical termination to a single root, or to a primary word , with or without suffixes or prefixes.

. A Compound word is one formed by adding a grammatical termination to two or more roots, or to a primary word and a root, with or without suffixes or prefixes. Any of the component parts may be complete words, if euphony requires it.

. A Foreign word is one common to most languages, being derived from the same root.

FORMATION OF WORDS .

Footnote:

Footnote:

Not only combinations of letters, but each vowel , conveys an idea, and is therefore, technically speaking, a word; for instance--

. The part of speech.

. Whether the word is singular or plural.

. Whether in the nominative or accusative case.

. The mood, tense, and participles of a verb.

A list of the grammatical terminations will be found in par. 53.

A list of suffixes will be found in par. 54.

A list of prefixes will be found in par. 55.

. Roots and grammatical terminations.

. Roots, suffixes, and grammatical terminations.

. Prefixes, roots, and grammatical terminations.

. Prefixes, roots, suffixes, and grammatical terminations.

N.B.--The hyphens are not necessary.

PRIMARY WORDS .

Among the Primary Words are found all the personal and demonstrative pronouns, all the cardinal numbers and prepositions, and also many common adverbs and conjunctions. It is important, therefore, that the student should thoroughly master their meaning.

FOREIGN WORDS .

-A?- Denotes badness of quality or condition , :

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