Read Ebook: The International Auxiliary Language Esperanto: Grammar & Commentary by Cox George

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Ebook has 686 lines and 106303 words, and 14 pages

-A?- Denotes badness of quality or condition , :

-AD- Denotes the continuation of an action :

-A?- Denotes some real or concrete thing made from, or having the quality of, the root , :

-AN- Denotes a member, inhabitant, or partisan , :

-AR- Denotes a collection of the idea implied in the root , :

-?J- These letters, substituted for one or more of the letters of a masculine name, make it an affectionate diminutive :

-EDZ- Denotes a married person , :

-EG- Denotes augmentation, intensity of degree , :

-EJ- Denotes the place specially used for, or allotted to, the idea implied in the root , :

-EM- Denotes propensity, inclination, disposition , :

-ER- Denotes one of many objects of the same kind, a small fragment , :

-ESTR- Denotes a chief, leader, ruler, or head of , :

-ET- Denotes diminution of degree , :

-ID- Denotes the young of, offspring, descendant , :

-IG- Denotes the causing, making, or rendering anything to be in the state implied by the root , :

-I?- Denotes the action of becoming, turning to, and has sometimes a reflexive force , :

-IL- Denotes the tool or instrument or means by which something is done , :

-IN- Denotes the feminine gender , :

-IND- Denotes worthiness, deserving of something, worthy of , :

-ISM- Denotes a theory, system, doctrine, school of thought , :

-IST- Denotes a person occupied with the idea contained in the root :

-NJ- See ?J, page 29, and par. 274.

-OBL- Denotes a numeral multiple :

-ON- Denotes a numeral fraction :

-OP- Denotes a numeral collective , :

-UJ- Denotes that which contains, produces, encloses, or bears, a quantity or more than one article , :

-UL- Denotes a person or being characterized by the idea implied in the root :

-UM- Has no defined meaning. The meaning of a word with um is suggested by the context and the signification of the root to which it is joined. It is rarely used :

BO- Denotes any relationship resulting from marriage :

DIS- Denotes division, dissemination, separation, etc., , :

EK- Denotes the beginning of an action, or its short duration :

GE- Denotes persons of both sexes taken together :

MAL- Denotes the direct opposite of any idea , :

MIS- Denotes mis-, amiss, wrongly, erroneously.

RE- Denotes, as in English, repetition, again, back , :

On reference to par. 254, it will be seen that prepositions are frequently used as prefixes. A good many other particles also are used in the same way, e.g.:--

?EF par. 272 DUON par. 286 FI par. 270 FOR par. 287 FU? par. 270 MEM par. 291 SIN par. 291 PRA par. 286 VIC par. 292

ELISION .

Note that kant' may not be used as an abbreviation of anything else but kanto. Thus, it cannot represent kanton, kantoj, kante, kantas, etc.

The dropped letter is in all cases noted by an apostrophe.

INTERROGATION .

. ?u is used when none of the other words in a sentence are used in an interrogative sense. It is, in fact, the general word for interrogations answerable by "yes" or "no."

When the verb following ?u is in the Imperative mood, it shows the ellipsis of some other verb expressing "wish, desire, etc." ).

The verb is sometimes omitted when a question is preceded by an assertion.

. The following examples show the use of the nine interrogatives kia, kial, kiam, etc.

NEGATION .

Footnote:

This distinction, however, is not observed by all writers.

. The nine correlative words, nenia, nenial, neniam, nenie, neniel, nenies, nenio, neniom, neniu, also imply negation.

Nek is generally used in the second clause of a sentence, although the first is negative.

. Compound words with ne, sen, mal, have also a negative signification, and such words are often employed with a negative to express an affirmative assertion.

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