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Ebook has 2815 lines and 149959 words, and 57 pages

Translator: Edvard Rein

Kirj.

Herodotos

Kreikan kielest? suomentanut Edv. Rein

WSOY, Porvoo, 1908.

KOLMAS KIEJA.

HOISTING, CONVEYING, AND STORING.

Drudgery of Ancient Times Relieved by Modern Inventions.-- The Labour of Men and Beasts now Done by Steam Giants.-- Labour-Saving Appliances for Transportation.--Tall Buildings and Elevators.--Evolution Slow until 19th Century.--Carrying of Weights.--The Pyramids.--Modern Methods.--Ship-Loading.-- The Six Ordinary Powers Alone Used until the Time of Watt.-- Elevator Mills of Oliver Evans.--The Hydraulic Press of Bramah.--The Lifting of Tubular Bridge by Robt. Stephenson.-- Compressed Air Elevator of Slade.--Counterbalance Lifts of Van Elvean.--Modern Elevator of Otis, 1859.--Steam-Water.-- Compressed Air.--Electricity: Elevators, how Controlled.-- Store Service Conveyors.--Pneumatic Transmission: Dodge's Air Blast Conveyor.--Mode of Switching Conveyors.--"Lazy Tongs" Conveyors.--Buffers.--Endless Cables.--Clutches, Safety.--Labour-Saving Devices and Derangement of Labour.-- In One Sense, Inventions Labour-Increasing Devices. 152

HYDRAULICS.

Old as the Thirst of Man.--Prehistoric Inventions.--China.-- Pliny's Record.--Egyptian, Carthaginian, Greek and Roman Water Works.--"Pneumatics of Hero."--Overshot, Undershot, and Breast Wheels, Ancient.--Screw of Archimedes.--Frontinus, a Roman Inspector.--1593, Servi?re Invents the Rotary Pump.--1586, Stevinus of Holland, Father of the Elementary Science.--Galileo, Torricelli, Pascal, and Sir Isaac Newton in the Seventeenth Century.--Bernoulli, D'Alembert, Euler, Abb? Bossut, Venturi, and Eylewein in the Eighteenth.--Water Distribution then Originated.--Peter Maurice and the London Bridge Pumps.--La Hire's Double Acting Pump.--Dr. John Allen and David Ramsey of England.--Franklin's Force Pump.--Water Ram of Whitehurst and Montgolfier.--Nineteenth Century Opens with Bramah's Pumps.-- Water and Steam.--Pumps the Strong Hands of Hydraulics.--Review of Past Inventions: Pascal's Paradox.--Turbines of Forneyron.-- Power of Niagara and Turbines there.--Jonval's.--Euler's Old Centrifugal Pumps Revived.--Massachusetts and Appold Systems.-- Lowlands of Holland, Marshes of Italy, Swamps of Florida, Drained.--Injectors.--Giffard.--Intensifiers.--Hydraulicising.-- Hydraulic Jack and Cleopatra's Needle.--Flow of Cold Metal.-- Lead Pipe Made, and Cold Steel Stretched by Water Pressure.-- Cotton Presses, Sir Wm. Armstrong's Inventions.--Tweddle and Sir Wm. Fairbairn.--Water Motors.--Baths and Closets.--Results of Modern Improvements.--Germ Theory and Filters. 164

PNEUMATICS AND PNEUMATIC MACHINES.

ART OF HEATING, VENTILATING, COOKING, REFRIGERATING AND LIGHTING.

Prometheus and the Modern Match.--1680, Godfrey Hanckwitz Invented First Phosphorous Match.--Other Forms of Matches.-- Promethean Matches in 1820.--John Walker.--Lucifer.--Tons of Chemicals, Hundreds of Pine Trees Yearly Made into Matches.-- Splints and Machines.--Reuben Partridge.--Poririer.--Pasteboard Box.--Machines for Assorting and Dipping, Drying and Boxing.-- Cooking and Heating Stoves.--History of, from Rome to Ben Franklin.--The Old-Fashioned Fireplace.--Varieties of Coal Stoves.--Stove Fireplace.--Ventilation.--Hot Air Furnaces.-- How Heat is Distributed, Retained, and Moistened.--Hot Water Circulation.--Incubators.--Baking Ovens, the Dutch and the Modern.--Vast Number of Stove and Furnace Foundries in United States.--Ventilation.--Parliament Buildings and U. S. Capitol.-- Eminent Scientific Men who have Made Ventilation a Study.--Best Modes.--Its Great Importance.--Car Heaters.--Grass and Refuse Burning Stoves.--Oil, Vapour, and Gas Stoves, their Construction and Operation.--Sterilising.--Electric Heating and Cooking.-- Refrigeration.--Messrs. Carr? of France, 1870.--Artificial Ice.--Sulphuric Acid and Ammonia Processes.--Absorption and Compression Methods Described.--Refrigerating Cars.--Liquid Air. 199

METALLURGY.

The Antiquity of the Art.--The "Lost Arts" Rediscovered.-- The Earliest Forms of Smelting Furnaces.--Ancient Iron and Steel.--India and Africa.--Early Spain and the Catalan Furnace.--The Armour of Don Quixote.--Bell's History of the Art.--Germany.--Cast Iron Made by Ancients, Disused for 15 Centuries.--Reinvented by Page and Baude in England, 1543.-- German Furnaces.--Dud Dudley, the Oxford Graduate and his Furnace, 1619.--Origin of Coke in England.--Use in United States.--Revival of Cast Iron.--Cast Steel in England, Huntsman, 1740.--Henry Cort and Puddling, 1784, and its Subsequent Wonderful Value.--Steam Engine of Watt and Iron.--Refining of Precious Metals.--Amalgamating Process.--Review of the 18th Century.--Herschel's Distinction of Empirical and Scientific Art.--The Nineteenth Century, Scientific Metallurgy.--Steam, Chemistry, Electricity.--Rogers' Iron Floor.--Neilson's Hot Air Blast, 1828, Patent Sustained.--Anthracite Coal.--Colossal Furnaces.--Gas Producers.--Bunsen's Experiments.--Constituents of Ores.--Squeezing Process.--Burden's Method.--Mechanical Puddlers.--Rotary.--Henry Bessemer's Great Process--1855-1860.-- Steel from Iron.--Holley's Apparatus.--Effects of and Changes in Bessemer Process.--Old Methods and Means Revived and Improved.-- Eminent Inventors.--New Metals and New Processes Discovered.-- Harveyised Steel.--Irresistible Projectiles and Impenetrable Armour Plate.--Krupp's Works.--Immense Manufactures in United States.--Treatment of Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead, etc.; Mining Operations, Separation, Reduction.--Chemical Methods: Lixiviation or Leaching.--MacArthur.--Forrest.--Sir Humphry Davy.--Scheele.--Chlorine and Cyanide Processes.--Alloys.-- Babbitting.--Metallic Lubricants.--Various Alloys and Uses.-- Reduction of Aluminium and other Metals.--Electro-Metallurgy.-- Diamonds to be Made.--All Arts have Waited on Development of this Art. 218

METAL WORKING PROCESSES AND MACHINES.--TUBE MAKING.--WELDING.--ANNEALING AND TEMPERING.--COATING AND METAL FOUNDING.--METAL WARE.--WIRE WORKING.

Metal Working Tools One of the Glories of 19th Century.--Wood Working and Metal Working.--Ancient and Modern Lathe.--Turning Metal Lathe.--A Lost Art in Use in Egypt and in Solomon's Time.--Revived in Sixteenth Century.--Forgotten and Revived again in Eighteenth.--Sir Samuel Bentham and Joseph Bramah Laid Foundation of Nineteenth Century Tools.--The Slide Rest and Henry Maudsley.--Nasmyth's Description.--Vast Rolls, and Most Delicate Watch Mechanisms, cut by the Lathe and its Tools.--Metal Planing.--Eminent Inventors, 1811-1840.-- Many Inventions and Modifications Resulting in a Wonderful Evolution.--Metal-Boring Machines.--Modern Vulcan's Titanic Work-Shop.--Screw Making.--Demand Impossible to Supply under Old Method.--Great Display at London Exhibition, 1851, and Centennial, Philadelphia, 1876.--J. Whitworth & Co., of England, Sellers & Co., of America, and Others.--The Great Revelation.-- Hoopes and Townsend and the Flow of Cold, Solid Metal.--Cold Punching, etc.--Machine-Made Horse-Shoes.--The Blacksmith and Modern Inventions.--Making of Great Tubes.--Welding by Electricity, and Tempering and Annealing.--How Armour Plate is Hardened.--Metals Coated.--Electro-Plating and Casting.-- Great Domes Gilded.--Moulds for Metal Founding.--Machines and Methods.--Steel Ingots.--Sheet Metal and Personal Ware.-- Great Variety of Machines for Making.--Wire Made Articles.-- Description of Great Modern Work-Shop. 240

ORDNANCE, ARMS, AMMUNITION, AND EXPLOSIVES.

PAPER AND PRINTING, TYPEWRITING AND THE LINOTYPE.

Paper-making Preceded the Art of Printing.--The Wasp Preceded Man.--The Chinese, the Hindoos, Egyptians, and other Orientals had Invented Both Arts.--History of Papyrus.--Parchment.-- Twelfth Century Documents Written on Linen Paper still Extant.--Water Marks.--Wall Paper, Substitute for Tapestry, 1640.--Holland in Advance, Seventeenth Century.--Rittenhouse of Holland Introduces Paper-Making in America, Eighteenth Century.--Paper a Dear Commodity.--The Revolution of the Nineteenth Century.--400 Different Materials now Used.-- Nineteenth Century Opens with Robert's Paper-Making Machine.-- Messrs. Fourdrinier.--Immense Growth of their System.--Modern Discoveries of Chemists.--Soda Pulp and Sulphite Processes.-- Paper Mills.--Paper Bag Machines, etc.--Printing.--Chinese Invented Both Block and Movable Types.--European Inventors.-- The Claims of Different Nations.--From Southern Italy to Sweden.--Spread of the Art.--Printing Press and the Reformation.--First Printing Press in New World Set up in Mexico, 1536.--Then in Brazil.--Then in 1639 in Massachusetts.--Types and Presses.--English and American.-- Ramage and Franklin.--Blaew of Amsterdam.--Nineteenth Century Opens with Earl of Stanhope's Hand Press.--Clymer of Philadelphia, 1817.--The First Machine Presses.--Nicholson in Eighteenth.--Konig and Bauer in Nineteenth Century, 1813.-- London Times, 1814.--1815, Cowper's Electrotype plates.--1822, First Power Press in United States.--Treadwell.--Bruce's Type Casting Machines.--Hoe's Presses.--John Walter's.--German and American Presses.--Capacities of Modern Presses.--Mail Marking.--Typewriting.--Suggested in Eighteenth Century.-- Revived by French in 1840.--Leading Features Invented in U. S., 1857.--Electro-Magnet Typewriters.--Cahill.-- Book-binding.--Review of the Art.--Linotype "Most Remarkable Machine of Century."--Merganthaler.--Rogers.--Progress and Triumphs of the Art. 273

TEXTILES.

The Distaff and the Spindle, without a Change from Ancient Days to Middle of Fourteenth Century.--Ancient and Modern Cloth Making.--Woman the Natural Goddess of the Art.--The Ancient and Isolated Weavers of Mexico.--After 40 Centuries of Hand-Weaving Comes John Kay, of England, 1733.--The Spinning Machines of Wyatt and Hargreaves.--1738-1769, Richard Arkwright.--The "Spinning Jenny" and the "Throstle."--The Steam Engine and Weaving.--1776, Crompton and the "Mule."--1785, Cartwright and Power Looms.--1793, Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin.-- 1793-1813, Samuel Slater, Lowell, and Cotton Factories of America.--The Dominion of the Nineteenth Century.--What it Comprises in the Art of Spinning and Weaving.--Description of Operations.--Bobbins of Asa Arnold and the Ring Frame of Jenks.--Spooling Machines.--Warping and Dressing and other Finishing Operations.--Embroidery.--Cloth Finishing.--The Celebrated Jacquard Loom.--Jacquard and Napoleon.--Bonelli's Electric Loom.--Fancy Woollen Looms of George Crompton.-- Bigelow's Carpet Looms.--Figuring, Colouring, Embossing.-- Cloth Pressing and Creasing.--Felting.--Ribbons.--Comparison of Penelopes of Past and Present.--Knitting Days of our Grandmothers and Knitting Machines.--A Mile of Stockings.-- Fancy Stocking and Embroidery Machines.--Netting and Turkish Carpets.--Matting.--Spun Glass, etc.--Hand, and the Skilled Labour of Machinery. 292

GARMENTS.

"Man is a Tool-using Animal, of which Truth, Clothes are but one Example."--Form of Needle not Changed until 1775.-- Weisenthal.--Embroidery Needle.--Saint's Sewing Machine, 1790.--John Duncan's Tamboring Machine, 1804.--Eye Pointed Needles for Rope Matting, 1807.--Madersperger's Sewing Machine, 1814.--France and the Thimonnier Machine, 1830-1848-50, Made of Wood.--Destroyed by Mob.--English Embroidering Machine, 1841.-- Concurrent Inventions in Widely Separated Countries.--Thimonnier in France, Hunt in America, 1832, 1834.--Elias Howe, 1846.-- Description of Howe's Inventions.--Recital of his Struggles and final Triumphs.--The Test of Priority.--Leather Sewing Machines of Greenough and Corliss, 1842-43.--Bean's Running Stitch, 1843.--The Decade of 1849-1859, Greatest in Century in Sewing Machine Inventions.--Hood's "Song of the Shirt," a Dying Drudgery.--Improvements after Howe.--Blodgett and Lerow's Dip Motion.--Wilson's Four-Motion Feed.--Singer's Inventions, their Importance, his Rise from Poverty to Great Wealth.--The Grover and Baker.--The Display in 1876 at the Centennial.--Vast Growth of the Industry.--Extraordinary Versatility of Invention in Sewing and Reaping Machines, and Breech-Loading Fire-arms.-- Commercial Success due to Division of Labour and Assembling of Parts.--Innumerable Additions to the Art.--Seventy-five Different Stitches.--Passing of the Quilting Party.--Embroidery and Button-hole Machines.--Garment-cutting Machines.--Bonnets and Inventions of Women.--Hat Making.--Its History.--Bonjeau's Improvements in Plain Cloths, 1834.--Effect of Modern Inventions on Wearing Apparel and Condition of the Poor.--The Epoch of Good Clothes. 310

INDUSTRIAL MACHINES.

Inventions Engender Others.--Co-operative Growth.--Broom Making.--Crude Condition until the Modern Lathe, Mandrel, Shuttle and Sewing Machine.--Broom Sewing Machines.--Effect on Labour.--The Brush and Brush Machines.--A Hundred Species of Brushes, each Made by a Special Machine.--First Successful Brush Machine, Woodbury's, 1870.--Wonderful Operations.-- Street-Sweeping Machines, 1831.--Most Effective Form.--Abrading Machines.--Application of Sand Blast.--Nature's Machine Patented by Tilghman in 1870.--Things Done by the Sand Blast and How.--Emery and Corundum Machines.--Vast Application in Cutting, Grinding, Polishing.--Washing and Ironing Machines.-- Their Contribution to Cleanliness and Comfort.--Laundry Appliances.--Old and the New Mangle.--Starch Applying.--Steam Laundry Machinery.--Description of Work done in a Modern Laundry. 328

WOOD-WORKING.

Contrast of Prehistoric Labour and Implements and Modern Tools.--The Ages of Stone, Bronze, Iron, and the Age of Wood.--The Slow Growth of Wood-working Inventions.--Tools of the Egyptians.--Saw of the Greeks.--Known to Hindoos and Africans.--Accounts of Pliny and Ansonius as to Planes and Marble Sawing.--Saw-mills of France, Germany, Norway, Sweden.--Holland 100 Years ahead of England, and Why.--William Penn Found Saw-mills in America in 1682.--What made Americans Inventors.--Progress Unknown where Saw-mills are not.--Steam and Saw Mills.--Splendid System and Inventions of Samuel Bentham, Bramah and Branch at Close of Eighteenth Century.-- First Decade of Nineteenth Century Produces Wonderful Inventor, Thomas Blanchard.--His Life and Inventions.--Machines for Turning Irregular Forms in Wood and Metal.--The Boring Worm and Boring Machine.--Gun-making and Mortising Machines.-- Complicated Ornamental Wood-cutting and Carving Machines.-- Whatever Made by Hand can be Better Made by Machinery.-- Pattern-Cutting Machines.--Xyloplasty.--Art of Hand Carving Revived.--Bending of Wood by Fire and Steam.--The Problems Solved by Wood-working Inventors.--Great Saws at the Vienna Exposition, 1873.--Boring Tools, Augers, Planes, Lathes, etc. How Improved and by Whom.--"The Universal Wood Workers."-- Flexible Shafting.--Shingles and Tiles.--A Great Log, how Turned into Bundles of Shingles.--Veneering.--What Pliny Thought of It.--Brunel's Machines, 1805-1808.--Homes Made Beautiful by Modern Wood-working.--Objects without and Within a House, Made by Such Machinery.--Array of Wood-working Machinery at International Expositions.--The Art of Forestry. 339

FURNITURE.--BOTTLING, PRESERVING, AND LAMPLIGHTING.

LEATHER.

MINERALS.--WELLS.

Ancient Tools and the Art of Building.--The Parthenon.-- Aqueducts of Rome.--Tombs of India.--Halls of Alhambra.-- Gothic Cathedrals.--Steam First Drew Coal, then Sawed Wood and then Stone.--Stone-cutting Machinery.--Carving.--Dressing.-- Drilling.--Tunnels.--Wonderful Work of Stone-Boring Machine on Pillars of Ohio State Capitol.--Stone Drills and Compressed Air.--Hell Gate.--Crushing Stones and Ores.--Blake's Crusher.-- "Road Metal."--Different Form of Crushers.--Assorting Coal.-- Steam and Coal, strong Brothers.--Compressed Air for Mining Machinery.--Mighty Picks Driven by Air.--Electric Motor.-- Machines for Screening, Loading, and Weighing.--Ore Mills.-- Separators.--Centrifugal Action.--Ore Washing.--Amalgamators: Electric, Lead, Mercury, Plate, Vacuum, Vapour, etc.--The Revolution in Mining.--Well Boring an Ancient Art.--Artesian Wells.--Coal Oil and Coal Wells.--Preceded by Discovery of Paraffine and its Uses.--Reichenbach, Young.--Petroleum Discovery.--New Industry.--Col. Drake and First Oil Well.-- Sudden Riches of Farmers.--Boring Water Wells.--Green's Driven Wells.--The Deserts Made to Bloom as the Rose. 373

HOROLOGY AND INSTRUMENTS OF PRECISION.

Time Measuring Instruments of Antiquity.--Sun-dial.--Clepsydra, Hour-glass, Graduated Candle.--Plato's Bell.--The Clepsydra of Ctesibius.--Incense Sticks of Chinese.--Sun-dials of Greeks and Romans.--Candles of Alfred the Great.--Wonderful Clocks of the Middle Ages.--Henry de Vick of France, 1370.--Two Hundred Years without Advance.--Astronomers, Brache and Valherius.--1525, Zech's Fusee.--Progenitors of Modern Watch, 1500.--1582, Swinging Lamp of Galileo.--1639, Galileo's Book.--Huygens and the Pendulum.--Dr. Hooke's and David Ramsey's Inventions.--Hair-Spring Balances.--George the Third's Small Time-Piece.--Eighteenth Century Division of Time Pieces into Hours, Minutes and Seconds.--Stem Winders.--Astronomical Discoveries and Chronometers.--Dutch, Leading Clockmakers; Germany, Switzerland.--Systems Followed in these Countries.-- Minute Sub-divisions of Labour.--Watch and Clock Making in the United States.--American System.--Wonderful Machines for every Part.--Watch factories.--Pope's Simile.--Revolution in Nineteenth Century.--Electric System.--4000 Patents in U.S. since 1800.--Registering Devices.--"A Mechanical Conscience."-- Cash Registers.--Voting Machines.--Electrical Recorders.-- Cyclometers.--Speed Indicators.--Weighing Scales and Machines, History of.--The Fairbanks of Vermont, 1831.--Platform and other Scales.--Spring Weighing.--Automatic Recorders of Weight and Prices.--Testing Machines, English, German, American.--The Emery Scales.--Gages, Dynamometers.--Hydraulic Testing.--Delicate Operations.--Strength of a Horse-hair and Great Steel Beam, Tested by Same Machine.--Effect on Public Works. 384

MUSIC, ACOUSTICS, OPTICS, PHOTOGRAPHY, FINE ARTS.

Musical Instruments Old as Religion.--Abounded before the Lyre of Apollo or the Harp of Orpheus.--Their Evolution.--To Meet Wants and Growing Tastes.--Nineteenth Century and the Laws of Helmholtz.--The Story of the Piano, the Queen, Involves whole History of the Art of Music.--Ancient Harp and Growth.-- Psaltery and Dulcimer of Assyrians and Hebrews.--No Inventions by Greeks and Romans in this Art.--Fifteenth Century and the Clavicitherium.--Sixteenth Century, the Virginal and the Spinet.--Seventeenth Century, the Clavichord and Harpsichord.-- Italian Cembello.--Bach, Mozart, Handel, Haydn.--Cristofori of Florence, Schreiber of Germany and Modern Piano.--Eighteenth Century, Pianos of Broadwood and Clementi of London, Erard of Strasburg, Petzold of Paris and Others.--Two Thousand Years Taken to Ripen the Modern Piano.--Description of Piano Parts.-- Helmholtz's Great Work, 1862.--Effect on System of Music and Musical Instruments.--The Organ, King in the Realm of Music.-- History of, from Earliest Times.--Improvements of the Nineteenth Century.--The Auto-harp.--Self-playing Instruments.--The Science of Acoustics and Practical Applications.--Auricular Tubes.-- Telephone, Phonograph, Graphophone, Gramophone.--Their Evolution and their Inventors.--Optical Instruments.--Their Growth.--Lippersheim, Galileo, Lieberkulm, John Dolland.--The Improvements and Inventors of the Nineteenth Century.--Brewster and the Kaleidoscope, Stereoscope.--Lenticular Lenses.-- Lighthouse Illumination.--Faraday and Tyndall.--Abb? Moigno's Troubles.--Ophthalmoscope.--Spectroscope.--Making of Great Lenses.--Solarmeter.--Measuring the Position and Distances of Unseen Objects.--Light Converted into Music.--Daguerre and Photography.--History and Development.--Colour Reproduction.-- Pencils.--Painting.--Air Brushes.--Telegraphic Photographs. 400

SAFES AND LOCKS.

Safes, how Constructed before this Century.--Classification.-- Century Starts out to Make Safes Fireproof.--Scott in 1801.-- Marr, 1834.--Result of Great Fire in New York, 1835.--Wilder's and Herring's Safes.--Burglar-proof Safes, 1835.--Chubb, Newton, Thompson, Hall, Marvin and Others.--Electricity.--Seal Locks from 1815.--Locks of Various Kinds in Ancient Days.--Of Ponderous Size.--Key of the House of David.--Lock of Penelope's House.--Locks of the Middle Ages.--Letter Locks of the Dutch, 1650.--Carew's Verse.--Eighteenth Century Locks.--Tumblers.-- Joseph Bramah's Locks.--Combination, Permutation and Time Locks.--Yale Locks.--Modern Locks Invented for Special Uses.-- Master or Secondary Key Locks.--Value of Simple, Cheap, Effective Locks.--Mail Locks and Others.--Greater General Security for Property of all Kinds now Obtained. 420

CARRIAGES AND CARRYING MACHINES GENERALLY.

Review of Conveyances from Time of Ptolemy's Great Procession, 270 B. C., until Nineteenth Century.--The Old Stage Coaches.-- Coaches of the Rich, the Middle Classes and the Poor.--The Past Art Compared with the Art as Exhibited at Centennial Exhibition in 1876 at Philadelphia.--The Varieties of Different Vehicles there Displayed by Different Nations.--Velocipedes and Bicycles.--1800 to 1869.--French, German, English, Scotch.-- The "Draisine" of Von Drais, 1816.--Johnson's "Curricle," 1818.--Gompertz's "Dandy" and "Hobby Horse," 1821.--Michaux's, 1863.--Lallement's of France, 1866, Crank and Pedal.--America and Europe Adopts it, 1866, 1869.--Pneumatic Rubber Tire Invented by Thomson, 1845.--Sleeps Forty Years.--Improvements since 1869.--Motor Vehicles and Automobiles.--Traction Engines.--Brakes, Railway, Air and Electric.--Automatic Couplers, Buffers, and Vestibule Trains. 428

SHIPS AND SHIP BUILDING.

ILLUMINATING GAS.

What Artificial Light has done for Man.--Its Condition before the Nineteenth Century.--Experiments of Dr Clayton, Hon. R. Boyle, Dr. Hales, Bishop Watson, Lord Dundonald, Dr. Rickel, and William Murdock in Eighteenth Century.--1801, Le Bon Makes Gas, Proposes to Light Paris.--1803, English Periodicals Discuss the Subject.--1806, Melville of Newport, U. S., Lights House and Street.--1817, First Lighthouse Lit by Gas.--The Beaver Tail on Atlantic Coast.--Parliament in 1813, London Streets Lit in 1815, Paris, 1820, American Cities 1816-25.-- Gas Processes.--Chemistry.--Priestley and Dalton.--Berthollet, Graham, and Others.--Clegg of England and his Gas Machines.-- Art Revolutionised by Invention of Water Gas, 1823-1847.-- Donovan, Lowe, White.--T. S. C. Lowe, Anthracite Process, 1873.--Competition with Electricity.--Siemens' Regenerative System.--The Generators, Carburetors, Retorts, Mixers, Purifiers, Meters, Scrubbers, Holders, Condensers, Governors, Indicators, Registers, Chargers, Pressure Regulators, etc.-- Portable Gas Apparatus.--Argand Burners.--Acetylene Gas.-- Calcium Carbide.--Magnesium.--Bunsen Burner and Welsbach Mantle. 450

POTTERY, PLASTICS, PORCELAINS, STONEWARE, GLASS, RUBBER, CELLULOID.

Brickmaking from the Earliest Ages to Nineteenth Century.-- Pottery, its Origin Unknown.--Its Evolution.--Women the First Inventors in Ceramic and Textile Arts.--Progress of Man Traced in Pottery.--Review of Pottery from Time of Homer to the Wedgwood Ware of Eighteenth Century.--Labour-Saving Devices of Nineteenth.--Operations in Brickmaking and Machinery.--The Celebrated Pug Mill, the Pioneer.--Moulding and Pressing.-- Drying and Burning.--The Slow Growth of Methods.--Useful Contrivances never wholly Supplanted.--Modern Heat Distributors.--Hoffman's Kilns.--Wedgwood's Pottery in Eighteenth.--Siemens' Regenerators in Nineteenth, and other Kilns.--Susan Frackelton's.--The Filter Press.--Chinese and French Porcelains--Battam's Imitations of Marbles and Plaster Moulds.--Faience.--Porcelain Moulding and Colours.--Atomisers and Backgrounds.--Rookwood Pottery and Miss Fry.--Enamelled Ware.--Artificial Stone.--Modern Cements.--Glass the Sister of Pottery.--The Inventors of Blowing, Cutting, Trimming by Shears and Diamond Cutting, Ancient and Unknown.--Glass Windows and Mirrors Unknown to the Poor Prior to Eighteenth Century.-- The Nineteenth Century the Scientific Age of Glass.--Its Commercial Development.--Crystal Palace of 1851.--Description of Modern Discoveries.--Materials.--Colours and Faraday's Discovery in 1824.--Gaffield's Extensive Experiments in Producing Colours.--The German Glass Works at Jena of Abbe and Schott.--Methods Followed for Different Varieties.-- Machines for Different Purposes.--Cut Glass and other Beautiful Ware.--Cameo Cutting.--Porcelain Electroplating.-- Rubber, History of, in Seventeenth, Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries.--Sketch of Goodyear.--His Inventions and Present State of the Art.--Glass Wool of Volcano of Kilauea and Krupp's Blast Furnaces. 457

INVENTIONS IN THE CENTURY.

INTRODUCTORY--INVENTIONS AND DISCOVERIES--THEIR DEVELOPMENT.

In treating of the subject of Inventions it is proper to distinguish them from their scientific kindred--Discoveries.

The history of inventions is the history of new and useful contrivances made by man for practical purposes. The history of scientific discoveries is the record of new things found in Nature, its laws, forces, or materials, and brought to light, as they exist, either singly, or in relation, or in combination.

Thus Galileo invented the telescope, and Newton discovered the law of gravitation. The practical use of the invention when turned to the heavenly bodies served to confirm the truth of the discovery.

Discovery and invention may be, and often are, united as the soul is to the body. The union of the two produces one or more inventions. Thus the invented electro-telegraph consists of the combination of discoveries of certain laws of electricity with an apparatus, by which signs are communicated to distances by electrical influence.

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