Read Ebook: Trees of Indiana First Revised Edition (Publication No. 13 Department of Conservation State of Indiana) by Deam Charles Clemon

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ppearing in the spring, the staminate clustered at the base of the season's shoots, the pistillate on the side or near the end of the shoots; fruit a woody cone which matures at the end of the second season, or more rarely at the end of the third season; scales of the cone variously thickened; seeds in pairs at the base of the scales.

There are about 70 species of pines of which three are native to Indiana. Commercially the pines are classed as soft and hard. In our area the soft pines are represented by the white pine, while the gray and Jersey pines are classed as hard pines.

Leaves 5 in a bundle, 6-12 cm. long. 1 P. Strobus.

Leaves 2-3 in a bundle.

Scales of cones unarmed, leaves usually 2-4 cm. long. 2 P. Banksiana.

Scales of cones tipped with a short spine, leaves usually over 4 cm. long. 3 P. virginiana.

Nieuwland reports a single tree found in a tamarack swamp 25 miles east of Michigan City near Lydick in St. Joseph County. The next appearance of this species is to the south in Warren County on the outcrops of sandstone along Big Pine, Little Pine, Rock and Kickapoo Creeks. It is found more or less on bluffs of these creeks. It was the most abundant along Big Pine Creek, and followed up the creek for a distance of about ten miles, or midway between Rainsville and Indian Village. To the south it is next found in Fountain County on the outcrops of sandstone along Big Shawnee and Bear Creeks. Franklin Watts who owns the "Bear Creek Canyon" just south of Fountain says he remembers the area before any cutting was done along the creek. He says that the white pine was a common tree along the creek for a distance of half a mile and that a few scattered trees were found as far as 40 rods from the creek. He stated that the largest trees were about 30 inches in diameter and as high as the highest of the surrounding trees. Moving southward it is next found on a ridge of sandstone in Montgomery County on the south side of Sugar Creek about a mile east of the shades. Here it is closely associated with hemlock which is absent in all of the stations to the north. Coulter reports a colony in the "knobs" of the northeast corner of Floyd County. This species was also reported from Clark County by Baird and Taylor. The writer has made inquiry and diligently searched for this species in this county but failed to locate it. In the vicinity of Borden where the Jersey pine grows, millmen distinguish two kinds of pines. Investigation showed that both are Jersey pine. The one with resinous exudations along the trunk is one kind, and trunks without exudation is the other. Since Baird and Taylor include cultivated trees in their list of the plants of Clark County, it is proposed to drop this reference.

The tree adapts itself to many habitats, hence has been used extensively for forestry purposes both in America and Europe. In fact it was the most used tree in forestry until about ten years ago when the white pine blister rust was discovered in America. This disease is now found in practically all of the states where this species forms dense stands. However, Federal and State authorities are trying to stamp out the disease. In Indiana it is a species well worth a trial for forestry purposes, especially in windbreaks where other species are used.

From the ease with which this species propagates itself from seed it seems worthy a trial for forestry purposes in the "knob" area of the State. However, all attempts to grow this species from seedlings at the Forest Reserve have failed.

In all of its stations it is found on sandstone bluffs on the south side of streams, giving it a north or northwest exposure. In a few of the stations there are no small trees, but in Montgomery County along Sugar Creek it is reproducing well.

The cypress in all of its stations is found only in places that are for the greater part of the year under water.

This species is highly recommended by some nurserymen for ornamental planting. It proves hardy in the southern part of the state. It is a fast growing tree, adapted to a wet soil, but will succeed in drier situations.

Evergreen shrubs or trees, leaves opposite or whorled, sessile, scale-like or short-linear; fruit berry-like; seeds 1-3.

Buds covered by a single scale; ; flower scales entire or rarely shallowly toothed at apex; stamens mostly 2 or 3-8 or 10 1 Salix.

Buds covered by numerous scales; ; flower scales deeply cut or lacerate; stamens more than 10 2 Populus.

Trees or shrubs with usually clustered teims, twigs round; leaf-blades lanceolate and long-acuminate or elliptic-lanceolate and short pointed in all Indiana tree species, finely toothed or nearly entire; catkins appearing before , with , or after the leaves ; each pistillate flower with a little gland at the base of the pedicel on the inside.

A large genus of several hundred species varying from tiny shrubby or subherbaceous plants scarcely an inch in height to 0.5 m. or more in diameter, in alluvial lowlands; occurring under Indiana conditions from cold bogs and river banks to dry sand dunes. Willows are used for many purposes, among them ornament, shade, hedges, posts, poles, mattresses, revetments to protect levees, baskets, fish-weirs, whistles, etc., while the wood is used for charcoal, which is especially prized for gunpowder making, and the bark is used for tanning and furnishes salicin, which is used in medicine as a substitute for quinine and as a tonic and febrifuge.

Small to large trees; leaves narrowly to broadly lanceolate, mostly long pointed, finely and rather closely toothed; flowers appearing with the leaves; capsules not hairy.

Native trees; leaves green on both sides or white beneath , and then with very long points and long slender twisted petioles which are never glandular; stamens 3-5-7 or more.

Twigs dark green, spreading; leaves narrowly lanceolate, green on both sides; petioles short 1 S. nigra.

Twigs yellowish, somewhat drooping; leaves broadly lanceolate, glaucous beneath; petioles long, twisted 2 S. amygdaloides.

European trees, cultivated for ornament and use; leaves always glaucous beneath; stamens always 2.

Teeth on edge of leaf 8-10 to each cm. ; petioles usually glandular; capsules almost sessile 3 S. alba.

Teeth on edge of leaf 6-8 per cm. ; petioles usually glandular; pedicels 0.5-1 mm. long 4 S. fragilis.

Shrubs or rarely small trees; leaves elliptical or oblanceolate, short pointed; margin entire or coarsely wavy or shallow-toothed; flowers before the leaves; stamens 2; capsules long, hairy.

Twigs and leaves not hairy; leaves thin 5 S. discolor.

Twigs and sometimes the lower surface of the leaves densely hairy, leaves thicker 6 S. discolor eriocephala.

Specimens have been seen from the following counties in Indiana:--Allen ; Bartholomew ; Clark ; Crawford ; Dearborn ; Dubois ; Decatur ; Floyd ; Fulton ; Harrison ; Hendricks ; Henry ; Jackson ; Jay ; Jennings ; Knox ; Kosciusko ; Lagrange ; Marion ; Marshall ; Miami ; Morgan ; Noble ; Ohio ; Parke ; Perry ; Porter ; Posey ; Pulaski ; Ripley ; Steuben ; Sullivan ; Tippecanoe ; Vermillion ; Wabash ; Warrick ; White .

Specimens have been seen from Indiana from the following counties: Elkhart ; Fulton ; Henry ; Jasper ; Kosciusko ; Lake , ; Laporte ; Marion ; Marshall ; Pulaski ; Steuben ; Wells ; White .

Specimens have been seen from Indiana from the following counties: Gibson ; Hamilton ; Harrison ; Switzerland ; Warren ; Wells .

Specimens have been seen from the following Indiana counties: Benton ; Clark ; Laporte ; Switzerland ; Union ; Wells .

Rapidly growing trees; buds usually large, scaly and more or less resinous; leaves alternate, broad, toothed or sometimes lobed; flowers appearing before the leaves on large pendulous catkins; anthers red or purple.

In the following key mature leaves from trees are considered:

Petioles round or channeled, scarcely or not at all flattened laterally.

Leaves chalky-white tomentose beneath, some of them more or less lobed, blades 6-10 cm. long 1 P. alba.

Leaves pubescent or whitish tomentose while young, never lobed, blades 10-17 cm. long 2 P. heterophylla.

Petioles strongly flattened laterally especially near the blade.

Winter buds more than 8 mm. in length, stamens more than 20, capsules more than 3 mm. in diameter, leaves broadly deltoid, majority more than 8 cm. wide 3 P. deltoides.

Winter buds less than 8 mm. in length, stamens fewer than 20, capsules less than 3 mm. in diameter, leaves roundish ovate, majority less than 8 cm. wide.

Winter buds more or less pubescent, dull; leaves generally with less than 12 teeth to a side 4 P. grandidentata.

Winter buds smooth or rarely somewhat pubescent, glossy; leaves with more than 12 teeth to a side 5 P. tremuloides.

The leaves of this tree are quite variable and several forms have been described. The Carolina poplar of nurserymen has an upright habit of growth and was formerly much planted as a shade tree. Its undesirable qualities have condemned it, and most cities now prohibit its planting.

Cottonwood has many uses, and was formerly a very important timber tree, but the supply has so diminished that large trees have become quite scarce. The thick bark was much used by the boys of the pioneers for whittling out toys, etc.

Trees with large, aromatic, odd pinnate leaves; flowers appearing after the leaves unfold, the staminate in catkins, the pistillate solitary or in clusters; fruit a nut in a fleshy or hard fibrous shell; kernel edible or astringent.

Pith of twigs chambered; staminate catkins thick, sessile or short stalked; stamens 8-40, glabrous; nuts with a network of rough projections 1 Juglans.

Pith of twigs not chambered; staminate catkins slender, long-stalked; stamens 3-10, hairy; nuts more or less angled but smooth 2 Carya.

Trees with furrowed bark; pulp surrounding nut continuous, without lines of dehiscence on the surface.

Bark gray, ridges smooth; upper part of leaf-scar of last year's twigs with a mat of hairs; pith dark-brown; fruit oblong, husk clammy 1 J. cinerea.

Bark dark brown, ridges rough; upper part of leaf-scar of last year's twigs without a mat of hairs; pith light brown; fruit orbicular to slightly elongate, husk not clammy 2 J. nigra.

Thrifty trees of any size in the woodland are now rarely seen. The tops of the larger trees are usually found in a more or less dying condition. Benedict and Elrod as early as 1892 make the following observation in a catalogue of the plants of Cass and Wabash Counties: "A few scrubby, half dead trees were seen, the last of their race. It seems unable to adapt itself to new conditions, and is rapidly dying out."

Trees with hard, tight or scaly bark; leaflets alternate, odd-pinnate, glandular-dotted beneath; leaflets serrate, usually unequal at the base, the lateral sessile or nearly so, the terminal short-stalked, the lowest pair the smallest, upper pair and terminal the largest, bruised leaflets characteristically aromatic; staminate flowers in slender catkins, anthers hairy; pistillate flowers in small clusters; fruit a bony nut contained in a woody husk which separates more or less completely from the nut into four parts.

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