Read Ebook: Philippine Progress Prior to 1898 A Source Book of Philippine History to Supply a Fairer View of Filipino Participation and Supplement the Defective Spanish Accounts by Benitez Conrado O Craig Austin

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s. A Malay people who, on the arrival of the Spaniards, had a culture and an art of writing of their own. They inhabit the islands named after them, besides the northern and the eastern coast of Mindanao, with small intrusions of heathen populations that have become Visayised since the converted tribes--Manobos, Buquidnones, Subanos, Mandayas, etc., have been taught the Visaya language in the schools. Also Zamboango and Cottobato show Visaya settlements. Among them are to be counted the Mundos. At the time of the discovery they painted their bodies, on which account they received from the Spaniards the name of Pintados, which stuck to them even till the eighteenth century. They are Christians. Their language is divided into several dialects, of which the Cebuano and Panayano are most important.

Bontok-Igorots.--Collective name of the head-hunting peoples living in the province of Bontok, to whom also the Guinaanes belong.

Bouayanan.--A heathen folk in the interior of Palawan. The name appears to mean "crocodile men."

Buhuanos, Bujuanos.--A heathen folk related to the Igorots , dwelling in the province of Isabela de Luzon. They are warlike in nature.

Bulalacaunos.--A wild people of Malay race , having its own idiom. It is to be found in the interior of the northern part of the island of Palawan and in Calamianes islands.

Buluanes, see Bilanes.

Bungananes.--A warlike, head-hunting people, who live in the provinces of Nueva Vizcaya and Isabela de Luzon. Except the name, almost nothing is known of them, and in my view this is not certain.

Bukidnones, Buquidnones.--A heathen Malay people living in the eastern part of the district of Misamis , from Ibigan to Punta Divata , and along the Rio de Tagoloan. Lately they have been partly Christianized. The Spaniards conferred on them the name of Monteses, "dwellers in the mountains," which is a translation of their name.

Bukil, Buquil.--Name of different Manguiana tribes of Mindoro: the Manguianes mixed with Negrito blood, whose homes are in the vicinity of Bacoo and Subaan; those that dwell on the spurs of the mountains between Socol and Bulalacao, and show a pure Malay type; in Pinamalayan they are called Manguianes of Mongoloid type, who inhabit the plains; the Manguianes who dwell on the banks of the rivers are named Mangarin. In view of the fact that Bukil is identical with Bukid, and can be applied only to tribes living in mountain forests, it appears to me that the settlements given under 3 and 4 are incorrect.

Buquitnon.--A "race" by this name, on the island of Negros, until recently unknown The Buquitnon are said to be a heathen tribe of about 40,000 souls that has its homes on the mountains of Negros, not massed together and not to be distinguished from the Visayas living on the coast. Whether the Carolanos are identical with them is hard to say. The name Buquitnon and also Buquidnon in Mindanao means mountaineers, upland forest dwellers, yet are the Buquitnon, of Negros, and the Buquidnon, of Mindanao, to be strongly distinguished from each other.

Buriks.--Under this name figures a pretended Igorot people in all publications devoted to the Igorots, but Dr. Hans Meyer found that Burik applies to any Igorot who is tattooed in a certain manner. I did not believe this until a Philippine friend, Eduardo P. Casal, wrote that the Igorots in the Philippine Exposition in Madrid, in 1887, had confirmed the statement of Dr. Meyer.

Busaos.--From Spanish accounts the Busaos are a separate division of Igorots. Dr. Hans Meyer has reported that the Basaos, or Bisaos, through manner, costume, and custom, are to be numbered rather with the Guiaanes and Bontok-Igorots than with the Igorots proper.

Cafres.--No native people by this name. The Papuan slaves brought to Manila by the Portuguese at the end of the sixteenth and the beginning of the seventeenth century were so called.

Cagayanes.--A Malay language group. Their dwelling places are the Rio Grande de Cagayan from Furao to the mouth, the Babuyanes and Batanes islands, although the people of the last named are by some authors made an independent stock. The Cagayanes had at the time of the Spanish discovery a civilization of their own. They are Christians. Their language is Ibanag. From them are to be sharply discriminated the people of Cagayan, in Mindanao, belonging to the Visayan stock.

Calaganes.--A small Malayan people who live on the Casilaran Creek . Partly converted to Christianity.

Calamiano.--Buzeta and Bravo understand by Calamiano a Visaya dialect which was made up of Tagalog mixed with Visaya and spoken by the Christians of northern Palawan and Calamianes islands. Pere Fr. Juan de San Antonio has preached in Calamiano and composed in it a catechism. The existence of the Calamiano language should therefore be unassailable, but A. Marche has declared that it does not exist.

Calauas .--A Malay people, heathen and peaceable. They live near Malauec, in the valleys of the Rio Chico de Cagayan , and on the strip of land called Partido de Itav?s. Their language is called Itav?s also, but others declare their speech to be identical with the Malauec. The portion of the Calauas who hold the Itav?s land are by some authors called Itaveses. I am not sure whether there may not have been a misunderstanding here.

Calibuganes.--So are called in western Mindanao the mixtures of Moros and Subanos.

Calingas.-- In northern Luzon, Calinga is the collective designation for "wild" natives, independent heathen, as, in northwestern Luzon, the word Igorot is applied. This term is specially attached to that warlike people of Malay descent who live between Rio Cagayan Grande and Rio Abulug, and are marked by their Mongoloid type; according to Semper, also the Irayas.

Camucones, Camocones.--Name of the Moro pirates who inhabit the little islands of the Sulu group east of Tawi-Tawi, and the islands between these and Borneo; but on the last the name Tirones is also conferred.

Cancanai, Cancanay.--Igorot dialect spoken in the northwest of Benguet.

Caragas.--In older works are so named the warlike and Christian inhabitants of the localities subdued by the Spaniards on the east coast of Mindanao, and, indeed, after their principal city, Caraga. It has been called, if not a peculiar language, a Visaya dialect, while now only Visaya is spoken, and an especial Caraga nation is no longer known. I explain this as follows: Already at that time newly arrived Manobos and Mandayas were settled who spoke Visaya only imperfectly. This Visaya muddle and the mixture of Visayas and newcomers are to be identified with the Caraga, if in the end, under the first, the Mandaya is not to be directly understood.

Variants: Caraganes?, Calaganes , Carague?os

Carolanos.--Diaz Arenas so designates the heathen and wild natives who inhabit the mountain lands of Negros, especially the Cordillera, of Cauyau. They appear to be of Malay stock, transplanted Igorots from Negros. Practically nothing is known concerning them. Compare Buquitnon.

Castilas.--Native name for Spaniards and other Europeans in the Philippine Islands.

Catalanganes.--A Malay people of Mongoloid type. They live in the flood plain of the Catalangan river . They are heathen and peaceable, and have the same language as the Irayas.

Cataoan.--A dialect spoken by the Igorots of the district of Lepanto, living in the valley of the Abra River.

Catubanganes, or Catabangenes.--Warlike heathen, settled in the mountains of Guinayangan, in the province of Tayabas . Through lack of available information nothing can be said about their race affiliations, whether they be pure Malay or Negrito-Malay. They are probably Remontados mixed with Negrito blood and gone wild.

Cebuano.--Dialect, Visaya.

Cimarrones.--This characterization is given to heathen tribes of most varied affiliations, living without attachment and in poverty, chiefly posterity of the Remontados.

Coyuvos.--The natives of Cuyo archipelago , with exception of those who belong to the stock of Agutainos. According to A. Marche, the Coyuvos appear to be Christianized Tagbanuas. For that reason would the idiom called official Coyuvo be the Tagbanua.

Culamanes.--Another name for the Manobos, who live on the southern portion of the east coast of Davao Bay, the so-called coast of Culaman.

Dadayag.--A Malay people, who occupy the mountain wilds in the western part of Cabagan . They have a language of their own and are warlike heathen as well as head-hunters.

Variant: Dadaya.

Dapitan ?.--Title conferred in the sixteenth century on the Visayas of the present comandancia of Dapitan .

Dayhagang?.--According to S. Mas, before the arrival of the Spaniards, the progeny of Borneo-Malays and Negrito women were so called.

Dumagat.--A name conferred on the Negritos of the northeast coast of Luzon and by older non-Spanish writers on coast dwellers of Samar, Leyte, and Mindoro. Latterly it has come about that the Tagal name Dumagat has been taken for the name of a people.

Durugmun.--The Manguianes of Mongoloid type are so called who occupy the highest portions of the mountains around Pinamalayan . They are called also Buchtulan.

Etas, see Negritos.

Gaddanes.--A Malay head-hunting people, with a language of their own, settled in the provinces of Isabela and Cagayan, but especially in the comandancia of Saltan . The Gaddanes of Bayombong and Bagabag are Christians; the rest are heathen.

Gamungan, Gamunanganes.--A Malay people having their own idiom, and inhabiting the mountain provinces in the eastern and northeastern portions of Tuao . They are heathen.

Guiangas, Guangas.--A Malay people in the northeastern and northern part of Davao . They are heathen and do not differ greatly from the Bagobo, their neighbors; on the other hand, according to the accounts of the Jesuit missionaries, their speech differs totally from those of the heathen tribes near by, and for that reason it is difficult to learn. On account of their wildness they are much decried. The variants, Guanga and Gulanga, which mean "forest people," give rise to the bare suspicion that they are a fragment of the little-known tribe who, according to location, lived scattered in southern Mindanao under the names: Manguangas, Mangulangas, Dulanganes.

Guimbajanos .--The historians of the seventeenth century, under this title, designated a wild, heathen people, apparently of Malay origin, living in the interior of Sulu Island. Their name is derived from their war drum . Later writers are silent concerning them. In modern times the first mention of them is by P. A. de Pazos and by a Manila journal, from which accounts they are still at least in Carodon and in the valley of the Loo; it appears that a considerable portion of them, if not the entire people, have received Islam.

Variants: Guinbajanos, Guimbanos, Guimbas, Quimpanos.

Guinaanes .--A Malay head-hunting people inhabiting the watershed of the Rio Abra and Rio Grande de Cagayan , as well as the neighboring region of Isabela and Abra. They are heathen; their language possesses the letter f.

Variants: Guianes, Ginan, Quinaanes, Quinanes.

Gulanga, see Guianga.

Gulanganes, see Dulanganes.

Halaya?.--A Visaya dialect spoken in the interior of Panay.

Haraya.--A Visaya dialect spoken in the interior of the island of Panay, nearly identical with the foregoing.

Hiliguayna?.--A Visaya dialect spoken on the coast of the island of Panay. Variants: Hiligueyna, Hiligvoyna.

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