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Read Ebook: Erämaan nuijamiehet: Historiallinen romaani by Ivalo Santeri
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Ebook has 1736 lines and 73637 words, and 35 pages
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PREFACE v
THE REVOLUTION OF 1834 1
The 1834 Report--National Uniformity--The Able-bodied--Vagrants--Women--The Children--The Sick--The Aged and Impotent --The Workhouse--Emigration--Relief on Loan--The Principles of 1834.
The Act of 1834 and its Amendments--National Uniformity--The Able-bodied--Vagrants--Women--Children--The Sick--The Aged and Impotent--The Workhouse--Emigration--Relief on Loan.
THE POOR LAW COMMISSIONERS 21
The Able-bodied on Outdoor Relief, in the Workhouse--Vagrants--Women--Children--The Sick--Persons of Unsound Mind--Defectives--The Aged and Infirm--Non-Residents--The Workhouse--Admission--Segregation--Service--Diet--Cleanliness and Sanitation--Discipline--Employment--Sanctions--Discharge and Detention--The Workhouse of the General Consolidated Order of 1847--The position in 1847 compared with the Principles of 1834.
THE POOR LAW BOARD 88
The Able-bodied--National Uniformity--Municipal Work for the Unemployed--Vagrants--Women--Children--The Sick--Persons of Unsound Mind--Defectives--The Aged and Infirm--Non-Residents--The Workhouse--Emigration--Relief on Loan--Co-operation with Voluntary Agencies--The Position in 1871.
THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT BOARD 147
The Able-bodied--National Uniformity--The Workhouse Test--The Labour Test--The modified Workhouse Test Order--The Test Workhouse--The Provision of Employment--The Farm Colony--Vagrants--Women--Children on Outdoor Relief; in Poor Law Schools; the Workhouse Children; The Education of the Indoor Pauper Child; Boarding-out; Apprenticeship; Adoption--The Sick--Domiciliary Treatment--Institutional Treatment--The Municipal Medical Service--Persons of Unsound Mind--Defectives--The Aged and Infirm--Outdoor Relief--Indoor Relief--Non-Residents--The Workhouse--Emigration--Relief on Loan--Co-operation with Voluntary Agencies.
THE PRINCIPLES OF 1907 257
The Departures from the Principles of 1834--The Principle of National Uniformity--The Principle of Less Eligibility--The Workhouse System--New Principles unknown in 1834--The Principle of Curative Treatment--The Principle of Universal Provision--The Principle of Compulsion--The Contrast between 1834 and 1907--No Man's Land.
THE MAJORITY REPORT OF THE ROYAL COMMISSION OF 1905-1909 274
The Principles of 1907--The Plea for a Single Destitution Authority-- The Reversion to 1834--The mutual Incompatibility of the Proposals of the Majority Report--The Principle of Curative Treatment and a Destitution Authority--The Principle of Compulsion and a Destitution Authority--The Principle of Universal Provision and a Destitution Authority.
THE MINORITY REPORT OF THE ROYAL COMMISSION OF 1905-1909 296
The Principle of Prevention--The "Moral Factor" in the Problem of Destitution--The Sphere of Voluntary Agencies in the Prevention of Destitution.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 312
Memorandum by the Local Government Board as to the Local Authorities for Poor Law purposes and the Out-relief Orders in force at the end of the years 1847, 1871, 1906.
Extract from the Minority Report for Scotland giving the reasons in favour of the Complete Supersession of the Poor Law.
INDEX OF UNIONS AND OTHER PLACES MENTIONED 365
INDEX OF SUBJECTS 371
ENGLISH POOR LAW POLICY
The English Poor Law Policy, of which we present an analysis, is that which has been from time to time promulgated for the authoritative guidance of local authorities in the relief of the destitute, whether laid down by Parliament or by Departments of the National Government. This policy is to be found principally in Orders, whether "General" or "Special"; circulars and other instructional communications to officials and to local authorities, and reports to Parliament. These documents fall into three periods, 1834-1847, 1847-1871, and 1871-1907, corresponding respectively with the Poor Law Commissioners, the Poor Law Board, and the Local Government Board. But these are themselves governed by the Act of 1834 and subsequent amending statutes; and the Act of 1834 itself lays down no policy, and having regard to its origin, and to its immediate connection with the recent Royal Commission, it cannot be understood without the Report of the Royal Commission of 1834. Hence it is convenient, if not indispensable, in order to render the subsequent analysis intelligible, to begin with an exact statement of the proposals of the Report of 1834.
This analysis is confined to relief in all its various forms, excluding all questions of chargeability , settlement, removal, assessment, rating, and mere administrative procedure.
THE REVOLUTION OF 1834
It is unnecessary for us even to refer to the disastrous chaos into which the Poor Law and its local administration had in 1832 fallen, or to the events which led up to the celebrated Royal Commission appointed in that year. Their report, presented in 1834, and the Poor Law Amendment Act of the same year, together form the starting-point of all subsequent legislation and administration.
THE 1834 REPORT
The proposals of the Commissioners of 1834 were either formal "recommendations," exceptionally displayed in prominent type, or suggestions scattered among the pages which purport to summarise the evidence. For instance, the famous "principle" that the situation of the pauper should not be made "really or apparently so eligible as the situation of the independent labourer of the lowest class" is not a "recommendation," but occurs only as an assertion in the course of an argument. We have therefore included, in the following statement of "the principles of 1834," all dogmatic assertions of this nature, as well as the formal recommendations.
p. 228 of the Report of 1834. The references are to the latest reprint .
The most revolutionary principle of the Report of 1834--the fundamental basis alike of the Act of 1834 and of the policy of the Central Authority--was that of national uniformity in the treatment of each class of destitute persons. It was this principle that was in most marked contrast with the previous practice, under which each parish or union had pursued its own Poor Law policy. It was this principle that furnished the ground for the very existence of a Central Authority. The Commissioners recommended that there should be uniformity in the administration of relief in the different parts of the country, in order--
To reduce the "perpetual shifting" from parish to parish;
To prevent discontent among paupers; and
To bring the management more effectually under the control of Parliament.
pp. 279-280 of the Report of 1834.
p. 294 of the Report of 1834.
p. 297 of the Report of 1834.
p. 47 of the Report of 1834.
pp. 263-264 of the Report of 1834.
p. 228 of the Report of 1834.
Assuming that we understand what classes of persons were intended by the Commissioners to be included under the term able-bodied, the proposals of the Report of 1834 are clear and peremptory:
As to medical relief; and
Apprenticeship of children.
No other exceptions should be made. "Where cases of real hardship occur, the remedy must be applied by individual charity, a virtue for which no system of compulsory relief can or ought to be a substitute." "It appears to us that this prohibition" "should come into universal operation at the end of two years," Meanwhile, it was suggested--
That there should be a gradual substitution of relief in kind for money doles;
"That all who receive relief from the parish should work for the parish exclusively, as hard and for less wages than independent labourers work for individual employers."
That the able-bodied, even "of the best character," should not be offered "more than a simple subsistence. The person of bad character, if he be allowed anything, could not be allowed less."
p. 263 of Report of 1834.
p. 297 of Report of 1834.
p. 298 of Report of 1834.
p. 262 of Report of 1834, made by way of comment as to the temporary policy.
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