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BOOK I--ORIGIN AND ESTABLISHMENT.

PAGE

Disorder at the Accession of Ferdinand and Isabella 1 Condition of the Church 8 Limitation of Clerical Privilege and Papal Claims 11 Disputed Succession 18 Character of Ferdinand and Isabella 20 Enforcement of Royal Jurisdiction 24 The Santa Hermandad 28 Absorption of the Military Orders 34

Oppression of Jews taught as a duty 35 Growth of the Spirit of Persecution 37 Persecution under the Spanish Catholic Wisigoths 40 Toleration under the Saracen Conquest--the Moz?rabes 44 The Mulad?cs 49 The Jews under the Saracens 50 Absence of Race or Religious Hatred 52 The Mud?jares--Moors under Christian Domination 57 The Church stimulates Intolerance 68 Influence of the Council of Vienne in 1312 71 Commencement of repressive Legislation 77

VALENCIA Popular Resistance 239 Resistance overcome 242

ARAGON Tribunal organized in Saragossa 244 Opposition 245 Resistance in Teruel 247 Murder of Inquisitor Arbu?s 249 Papal Brief commanding Extradition 253 Punishment of the Assassins 256 Ravages of the Inquisition 259

CATALONIA Its Jealousy of its Liberties 260 Resistance prolonged until 1487 261 Scanty Results 263 Oppression and Complaints 264

THE BALEARIC ISLES Inertia of the Old Inquisition 266 Introduction of the New in 1488--Its Activity 267 Tumult in 1518 268 Complaints of C?rtes of Monzon, in 1510 269 Concordia of 1512 270 Leo X releases Ferdinand from his Oath 272 Inquisitor-general Mercader's Instructions 273 Leo X confirms the Concordia of 1512 274 Charles V swears to observe the Concordia 275 Dispute over fresh Demands of Aragon 276 Decided in favor of Aragon 282 Catalonia secures Concessions 283 Futility of all Agreements--Fruitless Complaints of Grievances 284

BOOK II--RELATIONS WITH THE STATE.

Universal Subordination to the Inquisition 351 Its weapons of Excommunication and Inhibition 355 Power of Arrest and Imprisonment 357 Assumption of Superiority 357 Struggle of the Bishops 358 Questions of Precedence 362 Superiority to local Law 365 Capricious Tyranny 366 Inviolability of Officials and Servants 367 Enforcement of Respect 371

Exemption from taxation 375 Exemption from Custom-house Dues 384 Attempts of Valencia Tribunal to import Wheat from Aragon 385 Privilege of Valencia Tribunal in the Public Granary 388 Speculative Exploitation of Privileges by Saragossa Tribunal 389 Coercive Methods of obtaining Supplies 392 Valencia asserts Privilege of obtaining Salt 394 Exemption from Billets of Troops 395 The Right to bear Arms 401 Exemption from Military Service 412 The Right to hold Secular Office 415 The Right to refuse Office 420 The Right of Asylum 421

Causes of Popular Hatred 527 Visitations of the Barcelona Tribunal 528 Troubles in Logro?o 530 Preferences claimed in Markets 533 Trading by Officials 534 Character of Officials 536 Grievances of Feudal Nobles 537 General Detestation a recognized Fact 538

THE INQUISITION OF SPAIN.

ORIGIN AND ESTABLISHMENT.

THE CASTILIAN MONARCHY.

The lawless independence of the nobles and the effacement of the royal authority may be estimated from a single example. At Plasencia two powerful lords, Garc? Alv?rez de Toledo, Se?or of Oropesa, and Hernan Rodr?guez de Monroy, kept the country in an uproar with their armed dissension. Juan II sent Ayala, Se?or of Cebolla, with a royal commission to suppress the disorder. Monroy, in place of submitting, insulted Ayala, who as a "buen caballero" disdained to complain to the king and preferred to avenge himself. Juan on hearing of this summoned to his presence Monroy, who collected all his friends and retainers and set out with a formidable army. Ayala made a similar levy and set upon him as he passed near Cebolla. There was a desperate battle in which Ayala was worsted and forced to take refuge in Cebolla, while Monroy passed on to Toledo and, when he kissed the king's hands, Juan told him that he had sent for him to cut off his head, but as Ayala had preferred to right himself he gave Monroy a God-speed on his journey home and washed his hands of the whole affair.

A characteristic incident is one involving Do?a Maria de Monroy, who married into the great house of Henr?quez of Seville, and was left a widow with two boys. When the youths were respectively eighteen and nineteen years old they were close friends of two gentlemen of Seville named Man?ano. The younger brother, dicing with them in their house, was involved in a quarrel with them, when they set upon him with their servants and slew him. Then, fearing the vengeance of the elder brother, they sent him a friendly message to come and play with them; when he came they led him along a dark corridor in which they suddenly turned upon him and stabbed him to death. When the disfigured corpses of her boys were brought to Do?a Mar?a she shed no tears, but the fierceness of her eyes frightened all who looked upon her. The Man?anos promptly took horse and fled to Portugal, whither Do?a Mar?a followed them in male attire with a band of twenty cavaliers. Her spies were speedily on the track of the fugitives; within a month of the murders she came at night to the house where they lay concealed; the doors were broken in and she entered with ten of her men while the rest kept guard outside. The Man?anos put themselves in defence and shouted for help, but before the neighbors could assemble she had both their heads in her left hand and was galloping off with her troop, never stopping till she reached Salamanca, where she went to the church and laid the bloody heads on the tomb of her boys. Thenceforth she was known as Do?a Mar?a la Brava, and her exploit led to long and murderous feuds between the Monroyes and the Man?anos.

His successor in the see of Toledo has a special interest for us in view of his labors to purify the faith which culminated in establishing the Inquisition. Pero Gonz?lez de Mendoza was one of the notable men of the day, whose influence with Ferdinand and Isabella won for him the name of "the third king." While yet a child he held the curacy of Hita; at twelve he had the archdeaconry of Guadalajara, one of the richest benefices in Spain, which he retained during the successive bishoprics of Calahorra and Sig?enza and the archbishopric of Seville; the see of Sig?enza he kept during the whole tenure successively of the archiepiscopates of Seville and Toledo, in addition to which he was a cardinal and titular Patriarch of Alexandria. With his kindred of the powerful house of Mendoza he adhered to Henry IV, until they effected the sale of the hapless Beltraneja, who was in their hands, to her father, Henry, for certain estates and the title of Duke del Infantado for Diego Hurtado, the head of the family, after which Pero Gonz?lez and his kinsmen promptly transferred their allegiance to Isabella. His admiring biographer assures us that he was more ready with his hands than with his tongue, that he was a gallant knight and that there was never a war in Spain during his time in which he did not personally take part or at least have his troops engaged. Though he had no leisure to attend to his spiritual duties, he found time to yield to the temptations of the flesh. When, in 1484, he led the army of invasion into Granada he took with him his bastard, Rodrigo de Mendoza, a youth of twenty, who was already Se?or del Castillo del Cid, and who, in 1492, was created Marquis of Cenete on the occasion of his marriage, amid great rejoicings, in the presence of Ferdinand and Isabella, to Leonor de la Cerda, daughter and heiress of the Duke of Medina Celi and niece of Ferdinand himself. This was not the only evidence of his frailty of which he took no shame, for he had another son named Juan, by a lady of Valladolid, who was married to Do?a Ana de Aragon, another niece of Ferdinand.

With such men at the head of the Church it is not to be expected that the lower orders of the clergy should be models of decency and morality, rendering Christianity attractive to Jew and Moslem. Alonso Carrillo, the archbishop of Toledo, can scarce be regarded as a strict disciplinarian, but even he felt obliged, when holding the council of Aranda in 1473, to endeavor to repress the more flagrant scandals of the clergy. As a corrective of their prevailing ignorance it was ordered that in future none should be ordained who could not speak Latin--the language of the ritual and the foundation of all instruction, theological and otherwise. They were forbidden to wear silk or gaily colored garments. As their licentiousness rendered them contemptible to the people, they were commanded to part with their concubines within two months. As their fondness for dicing led to perjuries, scandals and homicides, they were required thereafter to abstain from it, privately as well as publicly. As many priests disdained to celebrate mass, they were ordered to do so at least four times a year; bishops, moreover, were urged to celebrate at least thrice a year, under pain of severe penalties to be determined at the next council. The absurdities poured forth in their sermons by wandering priests and friars were to be repressed by requiring examinations prior to issuing licenses to preach, and the scandals of the pardon-sellers were to be diminished by subjecting them to the bishops. The bishops were also urged to make severe examples of offenders in the lower orders of the clergy, when delivered to them by the secular courts, and not to allow their enormities to enjoy continued immunity. The bishops, moreover, were commanded to make no charge for conferring ordinations; they were exhorted, and all other clerics were required, not to lead a dissolute military life or to enter the service of secular lords excepting of the king and princes of the blood. As duels were forbidden, both laity and clergy were warned that if slain in such encounters they would be refused Christian burial. That this effort at reform was, as might be expected, wholly abortive is evidenced from the description of the vices of the ecclesiastical body when Ferdinand and Isabella subsequently endeavored to correct its more flagrant scandals. It was wholly secularized and only to be distinguished from the laity by the sacred functions which rendered its vices more abhorrent, by the immunities which fostered and stimulated those vices and by the intolerance which, blind to all aberrations of morals, proclaimed the stake to be the only fitting punishment for aberration in the faith. While powerless to reform itself it yet had influence enough to educate the people up to its standard of orthodoxy in the ruthless persecution of all whom it pleased to designate as enemies of Christ.

Yet even this was not all, for the secular power asserted its right to intervene in matters within the Church itself. Elsewhere the ineradicable vice of priestly concubinage was left to be dealt with by bishops and archdeacons. The guilty priests themselves, even in Castile, were exempt from civil authority, but Ferdinand and Isabella had no hesitation in invading their domiciles and, by repeated edicts in 1480, 1491, 1502, and 1503, endeavored to cure the evil by fining, scourging, and banishing their partners in sin. It is true, as we have seen above, that these laws were eluded, but there was at least a vigorous attempt to enforce them for, in 1490, the clergy of Guipuzcoa complained that the officers of justice visited their houses to see whether they kept concubines and carried off their women to prison, where they were forced to confess themselves concubines, to the great dishonor of the Church, whereupon the sovereigns repressed the excessive zeal of their officials and ordered them in future to interfere only when the concubinage was notorious. A yet more significant extension of royal authority was exercised when, in 1490, the people of Lequeitio complained that, though there were twelve mass-priests in the parish church, they all celebrated together and at uncertain times, so that the pious were unable to be present. This was a matter belonging exclusively to the diocesan authority, yet the appeal was made to the crown, and the Royal Council felt no scruple in ordering the priests to celebrate in succession and at reasonable hours, under pain of banishment and forfeiture of temporalities, thus disregarding even the imprescriptible immunities of the priesthood. So slender, indeed, was the respect paid to these immunities that the Council of Aranda, in 1473, complained that magistrates of cities and other temporal lords presumed to banish ecclesiastics holding benefices in cathedral churches, and it may well be doubted whether the interdict with which the council threatened to punish this infraction of the canons was effective in its suppression.

ANTHOMYZA heliconides,

LEILUS Surinamensis.

SYNOPSIS OF THE SUB-GENERA.

Antennae clavate; wings hyaline; tails very long. LEPTOCIRCUS.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

The Butterflys composing this remarkable genus are perhaps the most splendid insects in creation. No art can effectually represent the changeable and resplendent green which relieves the velvet black of the wings, and which varies with every change of light. The typical species are found in Tropical America, where they fly with amazing rapidity, and perform, like their prototypes the Swallows, annual migrations. When at rest, the anterior wings are flat or horizontal, but only slightly spread. The present species appears confined to Surinam.

LEILUS Braziliensis.

SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

In Mus. Britt. Nost.

This species, hitherto confounded with that peculiar to Surinam, is found only in Brazil; but its precise geographic range, in that vast empire, has not been correctly ascertained. We had the pleasure of capturing several specimens in Lat. 8, 24, S. in the vicinity of Pernambuco, where great numbers appear during the early weeks of May, and again in June.

MALACOCIRCUS striatus.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Bill rasorial, i. e. short, high at the base, conspicuously arched from the front, where the feathers are divided; tip obsoletely notched. Tarsi thick, moderate; the scales entire. Wings and tail rounded.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

MITREOLA monodonta,

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Shell fusiform, smooth; the middle plaits of the pillar largest apex of the spire generally papillary.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

MITRA terebellum.

LEILUS Occidentalis,

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

LEILUS Orientalis.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

That the natural affinities of this superb and highly interesting group of insects should be no longer a matter of doubt, we are induced to deviate, for the first time, from our usual practice. On this and the next plate we have copied two figures of insects which we have never seen, for the purpose of bringing them immediately before the eye of the entomologist, and of clearing up some remarkable facts concerning them.

RHIPHEUS dasycephalus.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Wings black, varied with numerous irregular lines of emerald green; posterior with the internal and anal angle, deep blood-red, shining with gold and spotted with black.

Papilio Rhipheus. Drury. Ins. 2, p. 40, pl. 23, 1. 2.

LYCAENA dispar.

Family Erycinidae. Sub-family Theclinae. Sw. Genus Polyommatus.

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