Read Ebook: Memoirs of the Dukes of Urbino Volume 3 (of 3) Illustrating the Arms Arts and Literature of Italy from 1440 To 1630 by Dennistoun James Hutton Edward Editor

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INTRODUCTORY.

INVENTIONS AND DISCOVERIES.

Inventions and Discoveries.--Distinctions and Contrast.--The One, Useful Contrivances of Man; the Other, New Things Found in Nature.--Galileo and the Telescope.--Newton and the Law of Gravitation.--Often United as Soul and Body.--Inventions and Discoveries do not Precede or Succeed in Order.--Inventions-- Alphabetical Writing; Arabic Notation; The Mariner's Compass; The Telescope; The Steam Engine.--Discoveries;--Attraction of Gravitation; Planetary Motions; Circulation of Blood; Velocity of Light.--Nineteenth Century Inventions and Discoveries.-- Further Definitions.--Law of Development.--Contrivances, not Creations.--Man Always an Inventor.--Prof. Langley on Slow Growth of Inventions.--Inventions of this Century Outgrowth of Past Ones.--Egyptian Crooked Stick, Precursor of Modern Plough.--Hero of Alexandria and James Watt.--David's Harp and the Grand Piano.--Electrical Science in 1600 and the Present Day.--Evolution and Interrelation of the Arts.--Age of Machine Inventions.--Its Beginning.--The Inducements to Invention.-- Necessity not Always the Mother.--Wants of Various Kinds.-- Accident.--Governmental Protection the Greatest Incentive.-- Origin and Growth of Patent Laws.--Influence of Personal, Political and Intellectual Freedom and Education.--Arts of Civilization Due to the Inventor.--Macaulay's Estimate.-- Will Inventions Continue to Increase or Decrease.--Effect of Economic, Industrial and Social Life upon Inventions.--What Inventions have Done for Humanity.--Thread of the Centuries.-- The Roll of Inventions too Vast for Enumeration. 1

AGRICULTURE AND ITS IMPLEMENTS.

The Egyptians the Earliest and Greatest Agriculturists.-- Rome and Farming.--Cato, Varro, Virgil.--Columella.--Pliny.-- Palladius.--The Decline of Agriculture.--Northern Barbarism.-- Lowest Ebb in the Middle Ages.--Revival in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries.--With Invention of Printing.--Publications then, Concerning.--Growth in Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries.--Jethro Tull.--Arthur Young.--Washington.-- Jefferson.--The Art Scientifically Commenced with Sir Humphry Davy's Lectures on Soils and Plants, 1802-1812.--Societies.-- "Book Farming" and Prejudice of Farmers.--A Revisit of Ruth and Cincinnatus at Beginning of Nineteenth Century.--Their Implements still the Common Ones in Use.--The Plough and its History.--Its Essential Parts and their Evolution to Modern Forms.--Originated in Holland.--Growth in England and America.--Small, Jefferson, Newbold.--Lord Kames' Complaint.-- The American Plough.--Cutting Disks.--Steam Ploughs: Implements for Preparing the Soil for Planting.--Various Forms of Harrows. 13

AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS.

The Sowing of Grain.--The Sower of the Parables.--His Art and its Defects Lasted until Nineteenth Century.--The Problems to be Solved.--Assyrian and Chinese Seeding Implements.--India.-- Italy First to Introduce a Grain Sowing Machine, Seventeenth Century.--Zanon's Work on Agriculture, 1764.--Austria and England.--A Spaniard's Invention.--Don Lescatello.--The Drill of Jethro Tull.--A Clergyman, Cooke's Machine.--Washington and Others.--Modern Improvements in Seeders and their Operation and Functions.--Force Feed and Gravity Feed.--Graduated Flow.-- Divided Feeds for Separate Grains and Fertilizing Material.-- Garden Ploughs and Seeders.--Gangs of Heavy Ones.--Operated by Steam.--Corn Planters.--Walking and Riding.--Objects of Proper Planting.--How Accomplished by Machinery.--Variety of Machines.--Potatoes and the Finest Seeds.--Transplanters.-- Cultivators.--Their Purposes and Varieties.--Primitive and Modern Toilers.--Millet.--Tillers of the Soil no Longer "Brothers of the Ox." 23

AGRICULTURAL INVENTIONS.

Harvesting in Ancient Times.--The Sickle.--Pliny's Machine.-- Now the Clover Header.--Palladius' Description.--Improved in 1786.--Scotchman's Grain Cradle in 1794.--The Seven Ancient Wonders and the Seven Modern Wonders.--The Modern Harvester and the Cotton Gin.--Requirements of the Harvester.--Boyce.-- Meares.--Plucknett.--Gladstone and the First Front Draft Machine, 1806.--Salonen introduced Vibrating Knives over Stationary Blades, 1807.--Ogle and Reciprocating Knife Bar, 1822.--Rev. Patrick Bell, 1823, Cuts an Acre of Grain in an Hour.--Mowers and Reapers in America in 1820.--Reaper and Thresher combined by Lane, of Maine, 1828.--Manning's Harvester, 1831.--Schnebly.--Hussey.--McCormick, 1833-34.--Harvesters and Mowers at World's Fair, London, 1851.--Automatic Binders.--Wire and Twine.--Advances Shown at Centennial Exhibition, 1876.-- Inventions Beyond the Wildest Dreams of Former Farmers.--One Invention Generates Another.--Lawn Mowers.--Hay Forks and Stackers.--Corn, Cotton, Potato, Flax Harvesters.--Threshing.-- The Old Flail.--Egyptian and Roman Methods.--The First Modern Threshing Machine.--Menzies, Leckie, Meikle.--Combined Harvesters and Threshers.--Flax Threshers and Brakes.--Cotton Gins.--Eli Whitney.--Enormous Importance of this Machine in Cotton Products.--Displacement of Labour. 32

AGRICULTURAL INVENTIONS .

CHEMISTRY, MEDICINES, SURGERY, DENTISTRY.

Chemistry among the Ancients.--Egyptians.--Phnicians.-- Israelites.--Greeks and Romans.--Chinese.--Became a Science in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries.--Libavius.--Van Helmont.--Glauber--Tachenius.--Boyle.--L?mery.--Becher.-- Stahl.--Boerhaave.--Black.--Cavendish.--Lavoisier.--Priestley.-- Chemistry of Nineteenth Century a New World.--Atomic and Molecular Theories.--Light, Heat, and Electricity.--Correlation and Conservation of Forces.--Spectrum Analysis.--Laws of Chemical Changes.--John Dalton.--Wollaston.--Gay.--Lussac.-- Berzelius.--Huygens'and Newton's Discoveries in Light in Seventeenth Century.--Unfolded and Developed by Fraunhofer, Kirchoff.--Bunsen in the Nineteenth.--Young of America.-- Combination of Spectroscope and Telescope.--Huggins of England, Spectrum Analysis of the Stars.--Heat and other Forces.--Count Rumford.--Davy.--Mayer.--Helmholtz.--Colding.--Joule.--Grove.-- Faraday.--Sir William Thomson.--Le Conte and Martin.--French Revolution and Agricultural Chemistry.--Lavoisier, Berthollet.-- Guyton.--Fourcroy.--Napoleon.--Sir Humphry Davy.--Liebig.-- Fermentation.--Alcohol.--Yeast.--Malt.--Wines.--Beer.--Huxley's Lecture on Yeast, 1871.--Protein.--Protoplasm.--Evolution from one all-pervading Force.--Alcohol and Pasteur.--Manufacture of Liquors.--Carbonating.--Soils and Fertilisers.--Liquids, Oils, Sugar and Fats.--Bleaching and Dyeing.--Aniline Colours.-- Perfumes.--Electro-Chemical Methods.--Applied to the Production of Artificial Light.--Abradants.--Disinfectants.--Pigments.-- Mineral Analysis.--Purification of Water and Sewage.-- Electroplating Metals.--Chemicals and the Fine Arts.--Redemption of Waste Materials.--Medicines and Surgery.--Their Growth from Empiricism.--Anaesthetics.--Davy.--Morton.--Jackson.--Innumerable Medical Compounds.--Antiseptic Treatment of Wounds.--Vast Variety of Surgical Instruments Invented.--Four Thousand Patents in United States Alone.--Dentistry.--Its Ancient Origin.-- Account of Herodotus.--Revolution in, during Nineteenth Century.--Instruments.--Artificial Teeth.--Vast Relief from Pain. 58

STEAM AND STEAM ENGINES.

Prophecy of Dr. Darwin in Eighteenth Century.--Review of the Art from Hero to James Watt.--Pumping Engines.--Road Carriages.-- Watt.--Cugnot.--Rumsey.--Fitch.--Oliver Evans.--Read.-- Symington.--Trevithick.--Locomotives.--Blenkinsop.--Griffith.-- Bramah.--Horse Engine.--Hancock.--Blackett.--George Stephenson.--Hackworth.--Braithwaite.--Ericsson.--Huskisson First Victim of Railroad Accident.--Seguin.--John C. Stevens.-- Horatio Allen.--Peter Cooper.--Symington.--Lord Dundas.--Fulton and Livingston.--The First Successful Steamboat.--Transatlantic Steam Navigation.--Scarborough of Georgia.--Bell of Scotland.-- Cunard Line; Paddle Wheels.--Screw Propellers.--The Age of Kinetic Energy.--Professor Thurston.--Variety of Engines and Boilers.--Corliss.--Bicycle and Automobile Engines.--Napoleon's Stage Trip and Present Locomotion.--Daniel Webster's Survey of the Art. 73

ENGINEERING AND TRANSPORTATION.

The Duties of a Civil Engineer.--Great Engineering of the Past.--The Divisions.--Steam.--Mining.--Hydraulic.-- Electrical.--Marine.--Bridge Making, Its Development.--First Arched Iron Bridge.--Darby.--Telford.--Leading Bridges of the Century.--Suspension.--Tubular.--Tubular Arch.--Truss.-- Cantilever.--Spider's Web and Suspension.--Sir Samuel Brown.-- The Tweed.--Menai Straits and Telford.--M. Chaley and Fribourg.--J. K. Brunel and Isle of Bourbon.--British America and the United States united in 1855--Niagara.--John A. Roebling.--The Brooklyn Bridge.--Caissons and the Caisson Disease.--Tubular Bridge at Menai.--"The Grandest Lift in Engineering."--Robert Stephenson.--The Tubular Arch at Washington.--Captain Meigs and Captain Eads.--St. Louis Bridge.--Truss System and Vast Modern Bridges.--Cantilever Succeeded the Suspension.--New Niagara and River Forth.--Schneider.--Hayes.--Fowler and Baker.--Milton's Description.--Lighthouses.--Smeaton.--Douglass.--Bartholdi.-- Eiffel.--Excavating, Dredging, Draining.--Road-making.-- Railroads.--Canals.--Tunnels.--Excavating.--Desert Lands Reclaimed.--Holland and Florida Swamps.--The Tunnels of the Alps.--Suez Canal.--Engineering, as seen from a Pullman Car.--Cable Transportation.--Pneumatic Lock System.--Grain Elevators--Progress in Civilisation. 93

ELECTRICITY.

Theories and Definitions.--Franklin's and a Modern One.-- Varieties of the Force.--Generation.--Dynamic Energy.-- Discoveries before the Nineteenth Century.--Magnetism and Electricity.--Fathers of the Science.-i Gallery, Florence, once in the Ducal Collection. 392

Sleeping Venus. After the picture by Giorgione in the Dresden Gallery, after which the Venus of Urbino was painted. 394

Portrait of his wife, by Lucas Cranach. From the picture in the Roscoe Collection, Liverpool. Possibly modelled on the Venus of Urbino 396

Maiolica. A plate of Urbino ware of about 1540 in the British Museum 404

Maiolica. A plate of Castel Durante ware of about 1524 in the British Museum. "The divine and beautiful Lucia" 408

Maiolica. A plate of Urbino ware about 1535 in the British Museum. 412

Maiolica. Plate of Castel Durante ware about 1540, with a portrait medallion within a border of oak leaves. This pattern was called "Cerquata" or "al Urbinata," the oak being the badge of the Rovere house. In the British Museum 416

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE

A.D. PAGE

" The Pontiff's fatal confidence 4

" Defenceless state of his capital 5

" Apr. His tardy alarm, and inadequate exertions 5

" " Demoralisation of the city 6

" " Warnings of impending woe 6

" May. Foolhardiness of Renzo da Ceri 8

" " Authorities for the sack 8

" " Panic in the city 8

" " Estimate of the respective forces 9

" " 5. Arrival of Bourbon's army 10

" " 6. The assault 10

" " The localities examined and compared 11

" " Death of Bourbon 12

" " Rome lost by a panic 13

" " The Pope and Cardinals gain the castle of S. Angelo 13

" " The imperialists overrun the entire city 14

" " It is ferociously sacked during three days 14

" " The Prince of Orange succeeds Bourbon 15

" " Savage atrocities and sacrilege of the army 15

" " Several cardinals outraged 16

" " Pillage of shops and palaces 17

" " Ransom extorted by the soldiery 18

" " Dilatory proceedings of the confederates 18

" " 3. The Duke of Urbino leaves Florence 19

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