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Read Ebook: Auguste Rodin: The Man - His Ideas - His Works by Mauclair Camille Black Clementina Translator
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Ebook has 166 lines and 35572 words, and 4 pages
ON GENERAL PROPERTIES OF BODIES. 9
INTRODUCTION. General Properties of Bodies. Impenetrability. Extension. Figure. Divisibility. Inertia. Attraction. Attraction of Cohesion. Density. Rarity. Heat. Attraction of Gravitation.
ON THE ATTRACTION OF GRAVITY. 22
Attraction of Gravitation, continued. Of Weight. Of the Fall of Bodies. Of the Resistance of the Air. Of the Ascent of Light Bodies.
ON THE LAWS OF MOTION. 32
Of Motion. Of the Inertia of Bodies. Of Force to produce Motion. Direction of Motion. Velocity, absolute and relative. Uniform Motion. Retarded Motion. Accelerated Motion. Velocity of Falling Bodies. Momentum. Action and Reaction equal. Elasticity of Bodies. Porosity of Bodies. Reflected Motion. Angles of Incidence and Reflection.
ON COMPOUND MOTION. 46
Compound Motion, the result of two opposite forces. Of Curvilinear Motion, the result of two forces. Centre of Motion, the point at rest, while the other parts of the body move round it. Centre of Magnitude, the middle of a body. Centripetal Force, that which impels a body towards a fixed central point. Centrifugal Force, that which impels a body to fly from the centre. Fall of Bodies in a Parabola. Centre of Gravity, the point about which the parts balance each other.
ON THE MECHANICAL POWERS. 54
Of the Power of Machines. Of the Lever in general. Of the Lever of the first kind, having the Fulcrum between the power and the weight. Of the Lever of the second kind, having the Weight between the power and the fulcrum. Of the Lever of the third kind, having the Power between the fulcrum and the weight. Of the Pulley. Of the Wheel and Axle. Of the Inclined Plane. Of the Wedge. Of the Screw.
ASTRONOMY.
CAUSES OF THE MOTION OF THE HEAVENLY BODIES. 70
Of the Earth's annual motion. Of the Planets, and their motion. Of the Diurnal motion of the Earth and Planets.
ON THE PLANETS. 80
Of the Satellites and Moons. Gravity diminishes as the Square of the Distance. Of the Solar System. Of Comets. Constellations, signs of the Zodiac. Of Copernicus, Newton, &c.
ON THE EARTH. 91
Of the Terrestrial Globe. Of the Figure of the Earth. Of the Pendulum. Of the Variation of the Seasons, and of the Length of Days and Nights. Of the Causes of the Heat of Summer. Of Solar, Siderial, and Equal or Mean Time.
ON THE MOON. 108
Of the Moon's Motion. Phases of the Moon. Eclipses of the Moon. Eclipses of Jupiter's Moons. Of Latitude and Longitude. Of the Transits of the inferior Planets. Of the Tides.
HYDROSTATICS.
ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS. 118
Definition of a Fluid. Distinction between Fluids and Liquids. Of Non-Elastic Fluids, scarcely susceptible of Compression. Of the Cohesion of Fluids. Of their Gravitation. Of their Equilibrium. Of their Pressure. Of Specific Gravity. Of the Specific Gravity of Bodies heavier than Water. Of those of the same weight as Water. Of those lighter than Water. Of the Specific Gravity of Fluids.
OF SPRINGS, FOUNTAINS, &c. 128
Of the Ascent of Vapour and the Formation of Clouds. Of the Formation and Fall of Rain, &c. Of the Formation of Springs. Of Rivers and Lakes. Of Fountains.
PNEUMATICS.
ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF AIR. 136
Of the Spring or Elasticity of the Air. Of the Weight of the Air. Experiments with the Air Pump. Of the Barometer. Mode of Weighing Air. Specific Gravity of Air. Of Pumps. Description of the Sucking Pump. Description of the Forcing Pump.
ON WIND AND SOUND. 146
Of Wind in General. Of the Trade Wind. Of the Periodical Trade Winds. Of the Aerial Tides. Of Sound in General. Of Sonorous Bodies. Of Musical Sounds. Of Concord or Harmony, and Melody.
ON OPTICS. 157
Of Luminous, Transparent, and Opaque Bodies. Of the Radiation of Light. Of Shadows. Of the Reflection of Light. Opaque Bodies seen only by Reflected Light. Vision Explained. Camera Obscura. Image of Objects on the Retina.
OF THE ANGLE OF VISION, AND REFLECTION OF MIRRORS. 168
Angle of Vision. Reflection of Plain Mirrors. Reflection of Convex Mirrors. Reflection of Concave Mirrors.
ON REFRACTION AND COLOURS. 179
Transmission of Light by Transparent Bodies. Refraction. Refraction by the Atmosphere. Refraction by a Lens. Refraction by the Prism. Of Colour from the Rays of Light. Of the Colours of Bodies.
ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE EYE, AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS. 195
Description of the Eye. Of the Image on the Retina. Refraction by the Humours of the Eye. Of the use of Spectacles. Of the Single Microscope. Of the Double Microscope. Of the Solar Microscope. Magic Lanthorn. Refracting Telescope. Reflecting Telescope.
GLOSSARY, 205
ON GENERAL PROPERTIES OF BODIES.
INTRODUCTION. GENERAL PROPERTIES OF BODIES. IMPENETRABILITY. EXTENSION. FIGURE. DIVISIBILITY. INERTIA. ATTRACTION. ATTRACTION OF COHESION. DENSITY. RARITY. HEAT. ATTRACTION OF GRAVITATION.
EMILY.
I must request your assistance, my Dear Mrs. B., in a charge which I have lately undertaken: it is that of instructing my youngest sister, a task, which I find proves more difficult than I had at first imagined. I can teach her the common routine of children's lessons tolerably well; but she is such an inquisitive little creature, that she is not satisfied without an explanation of every difficulty that occurs to her, and frequently asks me questions which I am at a loss to answer. This morning, for instance, when I had explained to her that the world was round like a ball, instead of being flat as she had supposed, and that it was surrounded by the air, she asked me what supported it. I told her that it required no support; she then inquired why it did not fall as every thing else did? This I confess perplexed me; for I had myself been satisfied with learning that the world floated in the air, without considering how unnatural it was that so heavy a body, bearing the weight of all other things, should be able to support itself.
But is not height also a dimension of extension?
The dissolving of a solid body in a liquid, affords a very striking example of the extreme divisibility of matter; when you sweeten a cup of tea, for instance, with what minuteness the sugar must be divided to be diffused throughout the whole of the liquid.
The thinner and lighter a fluid is, the less is the cohesive attraction of its particles, because they are further apart; and in elastic fluids, such as air, there is no cohesive attraction among the particles.
But is the air a body of the same nature as other bodies?
To return to its antagonist, the attraction of cohesion; it is this power which restores to vapour its liquid form, which unites it into drops when it falls to earth in a shower of rain, which gathers the dew into brilliant gems on the blades of grass.
There is another curious effect of the attraction of cohesion which I must point out to you; this is called capillary attraction. It enables liquids to rise above their ordinary level in capillary tubes: these are tubes, the bores of which are so extremely small that liquids ascend within them, from the cohesive attraction between the particles of the liquid and the interior surface of the tube. Do you perceive the water rising in this small glass tube, above its level in the goblet of water, into which I have put one end of it?
All porous substances, such as sponge, bread, linen, &c. may be considered as collections of capillary tubes: if you dip one end of a lump of sugar into water, the fluid will rise in it, and wet it considerably above the surface of the water into which you dip it.
You may observe also, that all solid bodies are enabled by the force of the cohesive attraction of their particles to resist that of gravity, which would otherwise disunite them, and bring them to a level with the ground, as it does in the case of a liquid, the cohesive attraction of which is not sufficient to enable it to resist the power of gravity.
It is only when surfaces, perfectly flat and well polished, are placed in contact, that the particles approach in sufficient number, and closely enough, to produce a sensible degree of cohesive attraction. Here are two plates of polished metal, I press their flat surfaces together, having previously interposed a few drops of oil, to fill up every little porous vacancy. Now try to separate them.
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