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Read Ebook: The First regiment Massachusetts heavy artillery United States volunteers in the Spanish-American war of 1898 by Frye James A James Albert
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Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they are listed at the end of the text.
The colour plate ENTOMOLOGY was originally the Frontispiece to the Volume.
In the pronunciation guides signifies "e macron"; "e breve"; "a with diaeresis below"; "a with dot above"; "n with dot below"; and so forth.
THE
NEW ? GRESHAM
ENCYCLOPEDIA
LIST OF PLATES AND MAPS
EBERT to ESTREMADURA
PLATES
Page
ELECTRICAL MACHINERY 200 ENTOMOLOGY 267
MAPS IN COLOUR
ENGLAND AND WALES 242
KEY TO PRONUNCIATION
The method of marking pronunciations here employed is either by marking the syllable on which the accent falls, or by a simple system of transliteration, to which the following is the Key:--
VOWELS
CONSONANTS
E?BIONITES , a sect of the first century, so called from their leader, Ebion. Irenaeus described them as Jewish Christians. They held several dogmas in common with the Nazarenes, united the ceremonies of the Mosaic institution with the precepts of the gospel, and observed both the Jewish Sabbath and Christian Sunday. They denied the divinity of Christ and rejected many parts of the New Testament.
EBLIS, or IBLIS, in Mohammedan mythology, the chief of the evil spirits; also the name given to the prince of darkness, or Satan.
EB?OLI, a city of Campania, Southern Italy, a few miles from the Gulf of Salerno. Pop. 12,741.
E?BRO , one of the largest rivers in Spain, which has its source in the province of Santander, about 25 miles S. of the Bay of Biscay, and after a south-easterly course of about 500 miles enters the Mediterranean. Its navigation is much interrupted by rapids and shoals, to avoid which a canal about 100 miles long has been constructed nearly parallel to its course. Saragossa is the principal town on the river.
ECBAT?ANA, the chief city or ancient metropolis of Media, the summer residence of the Median and Persian and afterwards of the Parthian kings. It was a place of great splendour at an early period. Its site can no longer be fixed with certainty, though many explorers agree in identifying it with the modern Hamadan.
ECCE HOMO , a name often given to crucifixes and pictures which represent Christ bound and crowned with thorns. The most celebrated of these paintings are by Sodoma, Correggio , Titian, Tintoretto, Guido Reni, and Murillo. The expression is derived from the words spoken by Pilate when he showed Christ to the multitude before he was led forth to Crucifixion .
ECCEN?TRIC, a term in mechanics applied to contrivances for converting circular into reciprocating rectilinear motion, consisting of circular discs attached to a revolving shaft, not centrally, i.e. eccentrically.
ECCHYMOSIS is extravasation of blood into the tissues underlying the skin. It is most frequently produced as the result of a bruise from injury, but may be due to some pathological condition.
ECCLEFECHAN , a Scottish village in Dumfriesshire, near the Caledonian Railway main line, noteworthy as the birth-place and burial-place of Thomas Carlyle. Pop. 670.
ECCLES, a town of England, in Lancashire, 4 miles from Manchester, of which it may be considered a suburb. The town, engaged in textile industries, is famous for its cakes. Since 1918 it returns one member to Parliament. Pop. 41,946.
ECCLESIASTICAL COMMISSIONERS, in England, a body corporate, constituted in 1836, with extensive powers in regard to the organization of the Church, the distribution of episcopal duties, and the formation of parishes. It consists of all the bishops of England and Wales, five cabinet ministers, four judges, and twelve others. Their decisions are ratified by orders in council, and acquire the force of Acts of Parliament. The Commissioners deal with an annual income of about 2 million pounds.
ECCLESIASTICAL LAW may, in the broad sense of the term, be taken to include the regulations existing in any Church or sect, however small, for the formation of its own polity and for the control of its members. It is, however, more generally applied to those legal bonds which exist between Established Churches and the State. The Roman Catholic Church claims to be the one and only true Church, regards her laws as being of universal application, and herself as an equal with the State; nevertheless she has, in non-Catholic countries, no higher legal standing than any small and obscure dissenting congregation, and is in this respect a 'free' Church. Protestant ecclesiastical law claims no such sovereign power, and in no way interferes with the State law. In England the Convocations of York and Canterbury have no authority to change the law, their power being limited to the making of recommendations. All changes in Church law are made by Parliament. Laymen can be, and often are, officials of the ecclesiastical courts. The civil law is subject to the canon law, above which is the common law, with, yet higher, statute law. Over all is the nominal supremacy of the Crown. Ecclesiastical law deals with such affairs and property of the Church of England as ecclesiastical parishes, churches, and matters matrimonial; but only so far as these are not controlled by common or statute law. It has long ceased to have any practical control of the laity. In Ireland, ecclesiastical law disappeared with the disestablishment of the Church.
?CHELLES, LES , a village, France, department of Savoie, 12 miles south-west of Chamb?ry, in a valley from which egress at one end was formerly by means of ladders, but now by a tunnel. Pop. 798.
?CHELON , a formation of successive and parallel units facing in the same direction, each on a flank and to the rear of the unit in front of it.
ECHEVERIA , a genus of succulent plants, ord. Crassulaceae , chiefly natives of Mexico, but now cultivated in European and other gardens and greenhouses, some for their flowers, others for their foliage.
ECHINOCOCCUS, the very large compound cyst which forms the bladder-worm stage in the life-history of a small tapeworm living in the intestine of the dog. The cysts are found in various abdominal organs of herbivorous animals, and sometimes infest human beings, especially in Iceland.
ECHINOMYS, or SPINY RAT, a genus of South American rodent mammals distinguished by the presence of spines among the coarse fur. The long tail is covered by scales and hair intermixed, the ears are large, and all the extremities possess five digits.
ECHO , the repetition of a sound caused by the reflection of sound-waves from some surface, as the wall of a building. The echo may, however, be very distinct when the reflecting surface is very irregular, and it is probable that the resonance of the obstacles and the masses of air which they enclose contribute in producing the echo. The waves of sound on meeting the surface are turned back in their course according to the same laws that hold for reflection of light. In order that the echo may return to the place from which the sound proceeds, the reflection must be direct, and not at an angle to the line of transmission, otherwise the echo may be heard by others but not by the transmitter of the sound. This may be effected either by a reflecting surface at right angles to the line of transmission, or by several reflecting surfaces which in the end bring the sound back to the point of issue. Sound travels about 1125 feet in a second; consequently, an observer standing at half that distance from the reflecting object would hear the echo a second later than the sound. Such an echo would repeat as many words and syllables as could be heard in a second. As the distance decreases, the echo repeats fewer syllables till it becomes mono-syllabic. The most practised ear cannot distinguish in a second more than from nine to twelve successive sounds, so that a distance of not less than 60 feet is needed to enable an average ear to distinguish between the echo and the original sounds. At a near distance the echo only clouds the original sounds, and this often interferes with the hearing in churches and other large buildings. Woods, rocks, and mountains produce natural echoes in every variety, for which particular localities have become famous.
ECHO, in Greek mythology, a mountain nymph . Legend relates that by her talking she detained Hera, when the latter sought to surprise Zeus among the mountain nymphs. To punish her the goddess deprived her of speech, unless first spoken to. She subsequently fell in love with Narcissus, and because he did not reciprocate her affection she pined away until nothing was left but her voice.
ECHUCA , an Australian town, colony of Victoria, on the Murray, over which is an iron railway and roadway bridge, connecting it with Moama in New South Wales; trade in timber and wool. Pop. 4137.
?CIJA , an ancient town of Southern Spain, province of Seville, on the Genil, with manufactures of textile fabrics and a good trade. It is one of the hottest places in Spain. Pop. 23,217.
ECK, Johann Maier von, the celebrated opponent of Luther, born in 1486, died in 1543. Having obtained a reputation for learning and skill in disputation, he was made doctor of theology, canon in Eichst?dt, and pro-chancellor of the University of Ingolstadt. He went to Rome in 1520, and returned with a Papal bull against Luther, in attempting to publish which he met with violent popular opposition. In 1530, while at the Diet of Augsburg, he made the remarkable admission that he could confute the Augsburg Confession by the fathers but not by the Scriptures. Eck was present also at the Diets of Worms and Ratisbon .
ECKM?HL , a village of Bavaria, circle of Lower Bavaria, on the Gross Laber, 13 miles S.S.E. of Ratisbon, the scene of a sanguinary battle between the French and Austrians on 22nd April, 1809, in which the latter were defeated.
ECLAMP?SIA, a medical term applied to convulsions that seem to be of an epileptic character, but differ from true epilepsy as being due to some special poison. The use of the term is now practically restricted to puerperal eclampsia, convulsions occurring in pregnant women, generally those suffering from kidney disease.
ECLIPSE , an interception or obscuration of the light of the sun, moon, or other heavenly body by the intervention of another and non-luminous body. A star or planet may be hidden by the moon; in this case the phenomenon is called an occultation.
Aries , 21st March. Taurus , 20th April. Gemini , 21st May. Cancer , 21st June. Leo , 23rd July. Virgo , 23rd Aug. Libra , 23rd Sept. Scorpio , 23rd Oct. Sagittarius , 22nd Nov. Capricornus , 22nd Dec. Aquarius , 20th Jan. Pisces , 19th Feb.
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