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INTRODUCTION xxv

The discovery of America but one of a series of notable achievements in Columbus' time.

His century, 1450 to 1550, had more great men than any other in human history.

In the arts it is unsurpassed.

In its deeds it rivals every other century, above all in social work, in scholarship, in education and in its achievements in the sciences, physical as well as biological, and in medicine and surgery.

Its literature is behind that of certain other periods of history, but this is the age of Leo X and one of the most interesting epochs of world literature in every European country.

GREAT PAINTERS; RAPHAEL 1

Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo the world's greatest painters. Raphael, greatest of religious painters. Born at Urbino. Duke Frederick patron of art. Studies with Timotheo Viti and Perugino. Influence of Fra Bartolommeo. Work at Rome. Stanze of the Vatican. Camera della Segnatura. Cartoons for Sistine tapestries. Sistine Madonna. Raphael, art director and archaeologist.

LEONARDO DA VINCI 15

"Mona Lisa." Walter Pater's tribute. The "Last Supper" disclosed genius and methods of artist. The "Madonna of the Rocks." Sculptor, engineer, geologist, anatomist, zoologist, botanist and biologist. Dissections and proposed text-book of anatomy. Career as artist. Surpasses his master Verrocchio. Scientific interests. Inventor. Personality, philosophy of life. Burckhardt's summary--"colossal genius"

MICHELANGELO 32

Humble origin of world's greatest genius. Little interest in books. Studio of Ghirlandajo. Academy of Lorenzo de' Medici. Dissections. Early works. Piet?, reason for youthfulness of mother. David. Tomb of Pope Julius. Galley Slaves. Decoration of the Sistine Chapel. Moses. Sacristy of San Lorenzo. "Four-souled" Michelangelo's sonnets. Practical genius. Family cares. Advice on marriage. Friendship with Vittoria Colonna. Attitude toward religion. Influence waxes with time

SECONDARY ITALIAN PAINTERS OF THE CENTURY: FRA ANGELICO, PERUGINO, FRA BARTOLOMMEO, BOTTICELLI, BELLINI, TITIAN, CORREGGIO, TINTORETTO, VERONESE AND OTHERS 53

PAINTING OUTSIDE OF ITALY 71

The Netherlands: The brothers Van Eyck forerunners; Roger van der Weyden; Memling's paintings at the Hospital of St. John, Bruges; Dirk Bouts; Quentin Matsys; Lucas van Leyden; Gerard David; Justus of Ghent; Jan van Mabuse; Bernard van Orley; Blondeel. Nuremberg rival of Bruges; D?rer; the Holbeins. France: The Clouets; Cousin; Fouquet Spain: Navarrete; Juan de Borgona; Luis de Vargas; Pablo de Cespedes. Women painters in Spain

SCULPTURE IN ITALY 85

Ghiberti's doors for the Baptistery at Florence. Donatello. The great equestrian statues of Gatamelata and Colleoni. Donatello's St. George, St. Francis, Bambino Gesu, St. John the Baptist Donatello's personality. His paralysis. Luca della Robbia, sculptor, worker in terra-cotta. Andrea del Verrocchio, goldsmith, painter, sculptor: "The Incredulity of St. Thomas," "The Colleoni." Benvenuto Cellini, sculptor, goldsmith, writer. John of Bologna: Neptune, Mercury. The sculpture in the Certosa at Pavia. Decadence in sculpture

SCULPTURE AND MINOR ARTS AND CRAFTS OUTSIDE OF ITALY 97

Names of sculptors of Low Countries often unknown. Tombs of Mary of Burgundy and Charles the Bold. Wood-carving, Bruges, Leyden, Haarlem. Germany: Nuremberg, Veit Stoss, D?rer, Adam Kraft, the Vischers. St. Sebald's shrine; Maximilian's Tomb at Innsbr?ck. France: Colombe. Tours a great centre of art: Jean Fouchet and the Tomb of Agnes Sorel: Jean Goujon and Germain Pilon. Flemish and French tapestry. Golden Age of tapestry. Recent appreciation. Beautiful altar vessels, enamels, furniture, locks and keys, jewel boxes, armor, clocks

THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE CENTURY 114

MUSIC 134

Renaissance music as original as art and literature. Beginning in Netherlands, Ockenheim, Josquin, Arcadelt. Degrees in music, England. German music, Hans Sachs. Roman music, Claude Goudimel, the brothers Animuccia, the brothers Nanini, Orlando di Lasso. Church reform of music. Palestrina, career, achievement, recent restoration as Catholic standard. Oratorio. Dominant seventh. Development of musical instruments--organ, violin

BOOKS AND PRINTS: WOOD AND METAL ENGRAVING 146

SOCIAL WORK AND WORKERS 169

Criterion of period; solution of social problems. The climax of guild social influence. Insurance features. No poorhouses, no orphan asylums. Care of ne'er-do-well. Guild of Holy Cross, Stratford; almshouses; grammar school. Thirty thousand guilds in England. Philanthropy. Sir Hugh Clopton's guild chapel and bridge. "Tag day." Beguines' care for dependents: their place in history. Lending institutions for the poor. St. Catherine of Genoa. Organization of charity. St. Philip Neri; modern appreciation. St. Ignatius. Savonarola. Political complications. Savonarola's fate. Las Casas' care for the Indians. St. Francis Borgia. Torture later in history. Witchcraft delusion post-reformation. Decadence of charity

HOSPITALS, NURSING AND CARE FOR THE INSANE 192

ST. IGNATIUS LOYOLA AND THE JESUITS 206

A great genius in organization. Career. Political and religious situation in Europe. A new knighthood. The "Little Company of Jesus." The Spiritual Exercises. Jesuit Missions: India, Japan, China, South America, Reductions of Paraguay, North America. Jesuit Relations, gathering and transmitting knowledge. Education of the Jesuits; great pupils; bibliography. Activity in the sciences. Jesuit astronomers. In other fields. All things to all men. Ignatius' legacy of persecution and contumely

SIR THOMAS MORE AND SOME CONTEMPORARIES 223

An artist in human will. England at More's birth. Youth. Marriage. Opposes the King. Studies, Louvain, Paris. Busy barrister, care for the poor. Friendship with Erasmus. Family life. Margaret More. Linacre. Dean Colet. Lyly. John Caius. More's English writings. Utopia. Controversial writings. Lord Chancellor,--clears the docket. Honors and wealth or duty and death. More's choice. Trying situation. Humor on the scaffold. Lord Campbell on his execution; on the Lord Chancellors who succeeded him

THE REFORMERS 243

GREAT EXPLORERS AND EMPIRE BUILDERS 262

Prince Henry the navigator. John II of Portugal. Bartholomew Dias. Vasco da Gama. Columbus. Amerigo Vespucci. The Cabots. Magellan. Circumnavigation of the globe. South Sea discoveries. Australia. Verazzano in New York. French explorers. Empire builders old and new. Cort?s. Pizarro. Spanish treatment of Indians. Contrast with ours. Explorers of Columbus Century and of present day

AMERICA IN COLUMBUS' CENTURY 275

A glorious chapter of American history before 1550. Sidney Lee contrasts Spanish and English influence in America. Professor Bourne on early American culture. Mexican education. Universities of Mexico and Lima. Scholarship. Educational standards. Dr. Chanca on America. Garcilaso de la Vega. Professor Bourne contrasts Spanish and English education. Printing press. Early printed books. First American hospital. Champlain on Mexico. Remains at Panama.

SOME GREAT WOMEN 290

FEMININE EDUCATION 313

PHYSICAL SCIENCE OF THE CENTURY 343

Science developed as wonderfully as art and literature. Translations of the classics of science. Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa. Puerbach. Regiomontanus. Cardinal Bessarion. Scientific scholars in Italy from all over the world. Linacre, Vesalius, Caius. Toscanelli and Columbus. Copernicus and a new universe. His attitude toward the reformation. Leonardo da Vinci, scientist and inventor. The scientific spirit. Telesio and the inductive method. Chemistry in medicine. Basil Valentine and Paracelsus. Columbus and the declination of the magnetic needle

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 360

Nature study in the Middle Ages. Anatomists of the Renaissance. Acute Italian observation. Leonardo da Vinci. Supposed Church opposition to dissection. All the artists dissectors. Vesalius, father of modern anatomy. Columbus, Fallopius, Eustachius, Aranzi, Servetus. Caesalpinus. Circulation of the blood. Harvey's indebtedness to the Italian anatomists. Botany. Leonardo da Vinci, Brunfels, Fuchs, Tragus, Euricius and Valerius Cordus. Tributes to Valerius Cordus. Caesalpinus as a botanist. Ruellius and Pierre Belon in France. Spanish and Portuguese studies of American and Indian plants

MEDICINE 381

Standards of education. Clinical teaching. Rabelais' principles. Early printed medical books. Leonicenus. Linacre. Caius. Montanus. Paracelsus, chemistry and medicine, physical factors, in therapy, occupation diseases. Rejection of pretensions to knowledge. Paracelsus' contributions to surgery. Animal magnetism. Absurdities. Basil Valentine. Theories of auto-toxaemia. Cornelius Agrippa. Influence of mind on body. Pathological anatomy. Benivieni. Joost van Lom. Schenck von Graffenberg. Petrus Forestus. Fracastorius. Par? on gout. Drugs from the new world. Botanical gardens. Theory and observation. Mental diseases, differentiation. Balneotherapy. Jerome Cardan, absurdities. Cornaro's longevity. Sanitary regulations. Pure food laws. Popular hygiene. Alcoholic beverages. Health boards in Italy. Tuberculosis contagion. Sir Thomas More on the place of the physician

SURGERY 409

Printing of old surgical text-books. Magnificent hospitals. Study of gunshot wounds. Ambroise Par?. Experiments with bullets. Surgical specialties. Orthopedics. Bone surgery. Blood transfusion. Tracheotomy tube. Magnet in surgery. Cesarean operation. Gynaecology and obstetrics. Heart surgery. Cosmetic surgery. Artificial noses, lips and eyelids. Aseptic surgery. Pyemia as an infectious disease. Paracelsus against meddlesome surgery. German surgeons. Pfolspeundt, tubes in intestinal surgery. Brunschwig on the necessity of anatomy. Stiffened bandages. Gerssdorff, surgery of anchyloses. Hall on experience in surgery. Gurlt's four hundred pages on Renaissance surgery

LATIN LITERATURE 427

ITALIAN LITERATURE 442

FRENCH LITERATURE 462

Villon. Prince Charles of Orleans. Clement Marot. Francis I as an author. Margaret of Navarre. "The Marguerites" of Marguerite. A French poetess of passion. Melin de Saint Gelais' epigrams. The Pleiades. Ronsard's "Prince and Peasant." Joachim du Bellay. French prose, Comines, Amyot's translations. Rabelais' misunderstood genius, his life, evidence for tolerance of time, modern studies and influence. Embodiment of French Renaissance

SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE LITERATURE 476

Queen Isabella's letters. St. Teresa's mystical writings. The Tales of Chivalry. Amadis de Gaul. Tales of Roguery, Celestina, Lazarillo de Tormes. Mystical writers, John of Avila, Luis de Granada and Luis de Leon. Spanish poetry--Boscan and Garcilaso de la Vega. Cam?ens "greatest of modern epic poets" . Shorter poems. Love sonnets.

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