Homepage
Login
Profile
BookClubs
dmBox
Read Ebook: Der Weltverkehr Telegraphie und Post Eisenbahnen und Schiffahrt in ihrer Entwickelung dargestellt by Geistbeck Michael
Font size:
Background color:
Text color:
Add to tbrJar First Page Next Page
Ebook has 282 lines and 33321 words, and 6 pages
Page
GRAMMAR 1
TEXTS 55
NOTES 91
GLOSSARY 97
GRAMMAR.
The oldest stage of English before the Norman Conquest is called 'Old English,' which name will be used throughout in this Book, although the name 'Anglo-Saxon' is still often used.
SOUNDS.
VOWELS.
The vowel-letters in Old English had nearly the same values as in Latin. Long vowels were occasionally marked by , short vowels being left unmarked. In this book long vowels are marked by . The following are the elementary vowels and diphthongs, with examples, and key-words from English, French , and German :--
The diphthongs are pronounced with the stress on the first element.
Those who find a difficulty in learning strange vowel-sounds may adopt the following approximate pronunciation:--
The pronunciation given in parentheses is the nearest that can be expressed in English letters as pronounced in Southern English.
CONSONANTS.
STRESS.
PHONOLOGY.
VOWELS.
ea .. ie :--eald , ieldra ; feallan , fiel? .
.. :--blwan , blw? ; hl , hlan .
o .. y:--gold, gylden ; coss , cyssan .
e .. i:--beran , bire? ; cwe?an , cwide .
eo .. ie :--heord , hierde ; eorfan , ierf? .
u .. o:--curon , e?coren .
.. :--c? , c?an ; fl , ?flan .
.. :--shte , san ; fda , fdan .
a .. e:--hawan , hew? ; tam , teman .
o .. e:--stor , steran ; e?stron , es?trenan .
Before proceeding to gradation, it will be desirable to describe the other most important vowel-relations.
e .. a .. u :--
We see that the laws of gradation are most clearly shown in the conjugation of the strong verbs. But they run through the whole language, and a knowledge of the laws of gradation and mutation is the main key to O.E. ETYMOLOGY
CONSONANTS.
INFLECTIONS.
NOUNS.
The gender of most words can be learnt only by practice, and the student should learn each noun with its proper definite article.
STRONG MASCULINES.
as-plurals.
There are other classes which are represented only by a few nouns each.
e-plurals.
Mutation-plurals.
u-nouns.
r-nouns .
nd-nouns.
Formed from the present participle of verbs.
STRONG NEUTERS.
u-plurals.
Unchanged plurals.
STRONG FEMININES.
a-plurals.
Mutation-plurals.
Indeclinable.
WEAK MASCULINES.
Add to tbrJar First Page Next Page