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Ebook has 42 lines and 5120 words, and 1 pages
Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they are listed at the end of the text.
Transcriber's note: In the pronunciation guides signifies "e macron"; "e breve"; "a with diaeresis below"; "a with dot above"; "n with dot below"; and so forth.
THE
NEW . GRESHAM
ENCYCLOPEDIA
VOLUME . I . PART . 3
LIST OF PLATES AND MAPS
VOLUME I PART 3
PLATES
Page
BACTERIA 348
MAPS IN COLOUR
AUSTRALIA 316
KEY TO PRONUNCIATION
The method of marking pronunciations here employed is either by marking the syllable on which the accent falls, or by a simple system of transliteration, to which the following is the Key:--
VOWELS
CONSONANTS
AT?REK, a river of Asia, forming the boundary between Persia and the Russian Transcaspian territory, and flowing into the Caspian; length 250 miles.
ATREUS , in Greek mythology, a son of Pelops and Hippodama, and grandson of Tantlus. Atreus was the father of Agamemnon, according to Homer; other writers call him Agamemnon's grandfather. He succeeded Eurystheus, his father-in-law, as King of Mycnae, and in revenge for the seduction of his wife by his brother Thyestes gave a banquet at which the latter partook of the flesh of his own sons. Atreus was killed by AEgisthus, a son of Thyestes. The tragic events connected with this family furnished materials to some of the great Greek dramatists.
ATRI , an episcopal city in the province of Teramo, Italy, 8 miles from the Adriatic. It has an old Gothic cathedral, ruins of ancient Roman walls and buildings, and a palace of the Agraviva family, who were Dukes of Atri from 1398 to 1775. Pop. 14,043.
In zoology the term is applied to the large chamber or 'cloaca' into which the intestine opens in the Tunicata.
AT?ROPHY, a wasting of the flesh due to some interference with the nutritive processes. It may arise from a variety of causes, such as permanent, oppressive, and exhausting passions, organic disease, a want of proper food or of pure air, suppurations in important organs, copious evacuations of blood, saliva, semen, &c., and it is also sometimes produced by poisons, for example arsenic, mercury, lead, in miners, painters, gilders, &c. In old age the whole frame except the heart undergoes atrophic change, and it is of frequent occurrence in infancy as a consequence of improper, unwholesome food, exposure to cold, damp, or impure air, &c. Single organs or parts of the body may be affected irrespective of the general state of nutrition; thus local atrophy may be superinduced by palsies, the pressure of tumours upon the nerves of the limbs, or by artificial pressure, as in the feet of Chinese ladies.
ATTACH? , a junior member of the diplomatic services attached to an embassy or legation.
ATTAINT?, a writ at common law against a jury for a false verdict, finally abolished in England in 1825.
ATTALE?A, a genus of American palms, comprising the piassava palm, which produces coquilla-nuts.
ATT?ALUS, the names of three kings of ancient Pergamus , the last of whom bequeathed his kingdom to the Romans. They were all patrons of art and literature.
ATTERCLIFFE, a parliamentary division of the borough of Sheffield.
AT?TICUS, Titus Pomponius, a Roman of great wealth and culture, born 109 B.C., and died 32 B.C. On the death of his father he removed to Athens to avoid participation in the civil war, to which his brother Sulpicius had fallen a victim. There he so identified himself with Greek life and literature as to receive the surname Atticus. It was his principle never to mix in politics, and he lived undisturbed amid the strife of factions. Sulla and the Marian party, Caesar and Pompey, Brutus and Antony, were alike friendly to him, and he was in favour with Augustus. Of his close friendship with Cicero proof is given in the series of letters addressed to him by Cicero. He married at the age of fifty-three, and had one daughter, Pomponia, named by Cicero Atticula and Attica. He reached the age of seventy-seven years without sickness, but, being then attacked by an incurable disease, ended his life by voluntary starvation. He was a type of the refined Epicurean, and an author of some contemporary repute, though none of his works have reached us.--The name Atticus was given to Addison by Pope, in a well-known passage .
ATTLEBOROUGH, a manufacturing town of the United States, in Massachusetts. Pop. 19,731.
AT?TOCK, a town and fort in Rawal Pindi district, Punjab, overhanging the Indus at the point where it is joined by the Kabul River. It is at the head of the steam navigation of the Indus, and is connected with Lahore by railway. It is an important post on the military road to the frontier. Pop. 2822.
AT?TRIBUTE, in philosophy, a quality or property of a substance, as whiteness or hardness. A substance is known to us only as a congeries of attributes.
In the fine arts an attribute is a symbol regularly accompanying and marking out some personage. Thus the caduceus, purse, winged hat, and sandals are attributes of Mercury, the trampled dragon that of St. George.
ATYS, or ATTIS , in classical mythology, the shepherd lover of Cyble, who, having broken the vow of chastity which he made her, castrated himself. In Asia Minor Atys seems to have been a deity, with somewhat of the same character as Adonis. Catullus has written a celebrated poem on the subject of Attis.
AUBAGNE , a town in France, department of Bouches-du-Rh?ne, with manufactures of cottons, pottery, cloth. Pop. 8800.
AUBE , a north-eastern French department; area 2326 sq. miles; pop. 227,745. The surface is undulating, and watered by the Aube, &c. The N. and N.W. districts are bleak and infertile, the southern districts remarkably fertile. A large extent of ground is under forests and vineyards, and the soil is admirable for grain, pulse, and hemp. The chief manufactures are worsted and hosiery. Troyes is the capital.--The River Aube, which gives name to the department, rises in Haute-Marne, flows N.W., and after a course of 113 miles joins the Seine.
AUBENAS , a town of France, department Ard?che, with a trade in coal, silk, &c. Pop. 7206.
AUBERGINE , the fruit of the eggplant .
AUBERVILLIERS , a suburban locality of Paris, with a fort belonging to the defensive works of the city. Pop. 37,558.
AUBIN , a town of Southern France, department of Aveyron, 20 miles N.E. of Villefranche; mining district: coal, sulphur, alum, and iron. Pop. 9574.
AU?BURN, the name of many places in America, the chief being a handsome city of New York State, at the north end of Owasco Lake. It is chiefly famous for its State prison, large enough to receive 1000 prisoners. In the town or vicinity various manufactures are carried on. Pop. 36,142.--Another Auburn is in Maine, on the Androscoggin River, a manufacturing town. Pop. , 16,985.
AUBUSSON , a town of the interior of France, department Creuse, celebrated for its carpets. Pop. 7211.
AUBUSSON , Pierre d', grand-master of the knights of St. John of Jerusalem, born in 1423 of a noble French family, served in early life against the Turks, then entered the order of St. John,
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