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ANCESTRY--BIRTH--SCHOOLDAYS 9

COLLEGE AND HIGHLAND TUTORSHIPS 20

'THE PLEASURES OF HOPE' 36

CONTINENTAL TRAVELS 51

WANDERINGS--MARRIAGE--SETTLEMENT IN LONDON 66

POETICAL WORK AND PROSE BOOKMAKING 85

LECTURES AND TRAVELS 99

CLOSING YEARS 122

PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PLACE AS A POET 141

THOMAS CAMPBELL

ANCESTRY--BIRTH--SCHOOLDAYS

The Campbells, as everybody knows, can claim an incredibly long descent. There is a Clan Campbell Society, the chairman of which declared some years ago that he possessed a pedigree carrying the family back to the year 420, and no doubt there are enthusiasts who can trace it to at least the time of the Flood. The poet was not particular about his pedigree, but the biographer of a Campbell would be doing less than justice to his subject if he denied him that ell of genealogy which Lockhart deemed the due of every man who glories in being a Scot.

In the present case, fortunately for the biographer, there is authoritative assistance at hand. The poet's uncle, Robert Campbell, a political writer under Walpole's administration, made a special study of the genealogy of the Campbells; and in his 'Life of the most illustrious Prince John, Duke of Argyll,' he has traced for us the descent of that particular branch of the Clan to which the poet's family belonged. The descent may be stated in a few words. Archibald Campbell, lord and knight of Lochawe, was grandson of Sir Neil, Chief of the Clan, and a celebrated contemporary of Robert the Bruce. He died in 1360, leaving three sons, from one of whom, Iver, sprang the Campbells in whom we are now interested. They were known as the Campbells of Kirnan, an estate lying in the pastoral vale of Glassary, in Argyllshire, with which, through many generations, they became identified as lairds and heritors, 'supporters of the Reformation and elders in the Church.' In a privately printed work dealing with the Clan Iver, the late Principal Campbell of Aberdeen, who was distantly related to the poet, gives a slightly different account of the origin of the Kirnan Campbells, but the matter need not be dwelt upon here. There is a suggestion, scouted by Principal Campbell, that the poet believed himself to be remotely connected with the great ducal house of Argyll. In some lines written 'On receiving a Seal with the Campbell Crest,' he speaks of himself as having been blown, a scattered leaf from the feudal tree, 'in Fortune's mutability'; and even Lady Charlotte Campbell, a daughter of the 'illustrious Prince John,' hails him as a clansman of her race, exclaiming 'How proudly do I call thee one of mine!'

These, however, are speculations for the antiquary rather than for the biographer. They are interesting enough in their way, but the writer of a small volume like the present cannot afford to be discursive; and so, leaving the arid regions of genealogy, we may be content to begin with the poet's grandfather, Archibald Campbell. He was the last to reside on the family estate of Kirnan. Late in life he had taken a second wife, a daughter of Stewart, the laird of Ascog. Before her marriage the lady had lived much in the Lowlands, and now she said she could not live in the Highlands: the solitude preyed upon her health and spirits. Hence it came about that the laird of Kirnan set up house in an old mansion in the Trunkmaker's Row, off the Canongate of Edinburgh, where the poet's father, the youngest of three sons, was born in 1710.

Beyond the interesting fact that he was educated under the care of Robert Wodrow, the celebrated historian and preacher, from whose teaching he drew the strict religious principles which regulated his life, we hear nothing of the earlier years of Alexander Campbell. He went to America, and was in business for some time at Falmouth, in Virginia. There he met with the son of a Glasgow merchant, another Campbell, to whom he was quite unrelated, and together the two returned to Scotland to start in Glasgow as Virginia traders. The new firm at first prospered in a high degree, for Glasgow about the middle of the eighteenth century was just touching the culminating point of her commerce with the American colonies. Even as early as 1735 the Glasgow merchants had fifteen large vessels engaged in the tobacco trade alone. But the outbreak of the American War in 1775 put a speedy end to the city's success in this direction. 'Some of the Virginia lords,' says Dr Strang, 'ere long retired from the trade, and others of them were ultimately ruined. Business for a time was in fact paralysed, and a universal cry of distress was heard throughout the town.'

Of course the Campbell firm suffered with the rest. Beattie, who had access to the books, declares that Alexander Campbell's personal loss could not have been less than twenty thousand pounds. Whatever the sum was, it represented practically the whole of Campbell's savings. This was a serious blow to a man of sixty-five, with ten surviving children and an eleventh child expected. He set himself to retrieve his fortunes as best he could, but he never recovered his position; and we are told that his family henceforward had to be brought up on an income--partly derived from boarders--that barely sufficed to purchase the common necessaries of life. It was, however, in these days of declining fortunes that the family was destined to receive its most notable member. The eleventh and last child, anticipated perhaps with misgiving, was Thomas Campbell, who was born on the 27th of July 1777, his father being then sixty-seven, and his mother some twenty-five years less.

It will be well to say here all that needs farther to be said about the poet's parents. Alexander Campbell belonged to a Scottish type now all but extinct--stolid, meditative, somewhat dour, fond of theology and the abstract sciences: leading the family devotions in extempore prayer; regarding the Sunday sermon as essential to salvation, and less concerned about the amount of his income than about his honour and integrity. As his son puts it:

Truth, standing on her solid square, from youth He worshipped--stern, uncompromising truth.

That he was a man of character and intelligence is clear from the fact that he numbered among his intimates such distinguished men as Adam Smith and Dr Thomas Reid, the successive occupants of the Moral Philosophy Chair at Glasgow. When Reid published his 'Inquiry into the Human Mind,' he gave a copy to Alexander Campbell, who read it and said he was edified by it. 'I am glad you are pleased with it,' remarked Reid; 'there are now at least two men in Glasgow who understand my work--Alexander Campbell and myself.' He had the saving grace of humour, too, this old Virginia trader, though, from a specimen given, it was apparently not of a very brilliant kind. Some of the boys were discussing the best colours for a new suit of clothes. 'Lads,' said the father, whose propensity for punning not even chagrin at the law's delays could suppress, 'lads, if you wish to get a lasting suit, get one like mine. I have a suit in the Court of Chancery which has lasted thirty years, and I think it will never wear out.' The worthy man lived to the patriarchal age of ninety-one, dying in Edinburgh--whither he had retired with his household three years before--in 1801. In his last days 'my son Thomas' was the main theme of his conversation.

Alexander Campbell had not married until he reached his forty-sixth year, and then he chose the young sister of his partner, an energetic girl of twenty-one. It must have been from her that the son drew his poetic strain. She is spoken of as 'an admirable manager and a clever woman,' and, what is of more interest, 'a person of much taste and refinement.' She brought to the home the poetry in counterpoise to her husband's philosophy. Like Leigh Hunt's mother, she was 'fond of music, and a gentle singer in her way': her poet son, as we shall find, was also fond of music, sang a little, and was, in his earlier years at least, devoted to the flute. To her children she was certainly not over-indulgent; indeed she is said to have been 'unnecessarily severe or even harsh'; but the mother of so large a family, with ordinary cares enhanced by the necessity for practising petty economies, would have been an angel if she had always been sweet and gracious. Between her and her youngest boy there seems to have been a particular affection, and when he began to make some stir in the world, no one was more elated with pardonable pride than she. There is a story told of her having asked a shopman to address a parcel to 'Mrs Campbell, mother of the author of "The Pleasures of Hope."' She survived her husband for eleven years, and died in Edinburgh in 1812, at the age of seventy-six.

The house in which Campbell and his family resided at the time of the poet's birth, was a little to the west of High Street near the foot of Balmanno Brae, and in the line of the present George Street. Beattie, writing in 1849, speaks of it as having long since disappeared under the march of civic improvement, and as a matter of fact it was demolished in 1794 when George Street was opened up. The Glasgow of 1777 was of course a very different place from what it is to-day--very different from what it was when Defoe could describe it as 'one of the cleanest, most beautiful, and best-built cities of Great Britain'; when Smollett, himself a Glasgow youth, saw in it 'one of the prettiest towns in Europe.' In 1777 Glasgow was only laying the foundations of her commercial prosperity. She had, it is true, established her tobacco trade with the American plantations, and her sugar trade with the West Indies, but her character as the seat of an ancient Church and University had not been materially altered thereby.

Even in 1773, when Johnson, on his way back from the Hebrides, had a look round her sights, he found learning 'an object of wide importance, and the habit of application much more general than in the neighbouring University of Edinburgh.' Trade and letters still joined hands, so that Gibbon could not inappropriately speak of Glasgow as 'the literary and commercial city,' and one might still walk her streets without at every corner being 'nosed,' to use De Quincey's phrase, by something which reminded him of 'that detestable commerce.' Whether Glasgow was altogether a meet nurse for a poetic child may perhaps be doubted. The time came when Campbell himself thought she was not. The town, said he, has 'a cold, raw, wretchedly wet climate, the very nursery of sore throats and chest diseases.' Redding once chaffed him about it. 'Did you ever see Wapping on a drizzling, wet, spring day?' he asked in reply. 'That is just the appearance of Glasgow for three parts of the year.' But Glasgow was not so bad as yet. She was still surrounded by the cornfields and the hedgerows and the orchards of Lanarkshire, her few streets practically within a stone's throw of the Cathedral and the College.

The youngest of their family, the son of the father's old age, Thomas Campbell was naturally thought much of by his parents. He had been baptized by, and indeed named after, Dr Thomas Reid, and the old Virginia merchant is said to have had a presentiment that he would in some way or other do honour to his name and country. What proud father has not thought the same? That he was regarded as a precocious child goes without saying. We are told that he uttered quaint, old-fashioned remarks which were 'much too wise for his little curly head'; and he was of so inquisitive a turn--but then all children are inquisitive--that he found amusement and information in everything that fell in his way. A sister, nineteen years his senior, taught him his letters; and in 1785 he was handed over to the care of David Allison, the scholarly master of the Grammar School. Allison was a rigid disciplinarian of the good old type, who seems to have whipped the dead languages into his pupils with all the energy of Gil Blas' master. Campbell remained under him for four years. He began his studies in such earnest that he made himself ill, and had to be removed to a cottage at Cathcart, where for six weeks he was nursed by an aged 'webster' and his wife.

No doubt the little holiday had its influence at the time; it certainly had its influence in later life when, after a visit to the 'green waving woods on the margin of Cart,' he wrote his not unpleasing stanzas on this scene of his early youth. In any case he left the country cottage rather reluctantly, and returned to his lessons at the Grammar School. He does not appear to have been a particularly industrious student. He had certainly an ambition to excel, and he was invariably at the top of his class; but he made progress rather by fits and starts than by steady, laborious plodding. In this respect, of course, he was only like a great many more celebrities who have been dunces in the schoolroom. Not that Campbell was in any sense a dunce. He was especially enamoured of the classics; so much so, indeed, that, as Beattie gravely certifies, he 'could declaim with great fluency at the evening fireside in the language of Greece and Rome'; and some of the translations which he made for Allison were considered good enough to be printed by the enthusiastic biographer. His love for Greek, in particular, was the subject of much remark, both then and afterwards. Redding says he could repeat thirty or forty Greek verses applicable to any subject that might be under discussion. Beattie, again, tells that Greek was his 'pride and solace' all through life; and there is good authority for saying that, even after he had made a name as a poet, he wished to be considered a Greek scholar first and a poet afterwards. That he was quite sincere in the matter may be gathered from the circumstance of his having in his last days given his niece a series of daily lessons in the language of Homer, 'all in the Greek character and written with his own hand.' Nevertheless, as a Grecian, the classical world can as well do without Thomas Campbell as the Principal at Louvain, in 'The Vicar of Wakefield,' found that he could do without Greek itself.

With all his enthusiasm for the classics, Campbell does not seem to have been anything less of a boy than his fellows at the Grammar School. He loved Greek, but he loved games too. There are tales of stone fights with the Shettleston urchins, such as Scott has described in his story of Green-breeks, and of strawberry raids in suburban gardens which for days afterwards made him restive under the pious literature prescribed by his father. That he was indeed a very boy is shown by at least one amusing anecdote. His mother had a cousin, an old bedridden lady, about whose frail tenure of life she felt much anxiety. Every morning she would send either Tom or his brother Daniel to ask 'how Mrs Simpson was to-day.' One day Tom wanted to go on a blackberry expedition; his mother wanted him to inquire, as usual, about 'this deil of an auld wife that would neither die nor get better.' Daniel suggested that there was no need to go: 'just say that she's better or worse.' The boys continued to report in this way for weeks and months, but finding that an unfavourable bulletin only sent them back earlier next morning, they agreed that the old lady should get better. One day Tom announced that Mrs Simpson had quite recovered--and a few hours later the funeral invitation arrived! Campbell, in telling the story long after, says he was much less pained by the cuffing he received from his mother than by a few words from his father. The old man 'never raised a hand to us, and I would advise all fathers who would have their children to love their memory to follow his example.' The wisdom is not Solomonic, but that Campbell set much store by it is quite evident from the frequent reference which he makes in later life to his father's sparing of the rod.

Meanwhile he was giving indication of his literary bent in the manner usual with youngsters. The 'magic of nature,' to quote his own words, had first 'breathed on his mind' during his six weeks in the country, and the result was a 'Poem on the Seasons,' in which the conventional expression of the obvious runs through some hundred lines or more. A year later, that is to say in 1788, he wrote an elegy 'On the death of a favourite parrot,' of which one can only remark that it will at least bear comparison with the reputed tribute of Master Samuel Johnson to his duck. Strange to say among the last things which Campbell wrote were some lines on a parrot, so that any one who is interested enough can make a critical comparison between his elegiac poems in youth and age.

But Campbell was doing better things than calling upon Melpomene, the queen of tears, to attend his 'dirge of woe' on account of poor Poll. Mr Allison was in the habit of prescribing translations from the classics into English, which might be either in prose or in verse, as his pupils thought fit. Campbell chose verse. He made translations from Anacreon, from Virgil, from Horace, and from other Greek and Latin writers, all with a fair measure of success, considering his years. Indeed these verse translations are much superior to his original efforts of the same and even of later date. Beattie, who saw the manuscripts, remarked upon the almost total absence of punctuation in them all. It seems that Campbell regarded the art of pointing as one of the mysteries, to which for many years he paid as little attention as if he had been an eighteenth century lawyer's clerk. Even as late as 'Theodoric' , he had to ask a literary friend to look after the punctuation in the proofs.

There was, however, no printer's convenience to study in these early days; and the verse translations, punctuated or not, served their purpose, not only in bringing prizes to the young student, but in contributing towards the acquirement of that facility in verse-making which helped to lay the foundation of his future fame. The provoking thing was that his father did not approve of making verses. Like Jack Lofty, he thought poetry 'a pretty thing enough' for one's wives and daughters, but not for men who have to make their living in the world; and he would much rather have seen his son writing in the sober prose of his beloved Doddridge and Sherlock than after the manner of Dryden and Pope. 'Many a sheet of nonsense have I beside me,' wrote Campbell in 1794, 'insomuch that when my father comes into my room, he tells me I would be much better reading Locke than scribbling so.' But Campbell believed that he had been born a poet, and although he did not entirely ignore his father's favourites, he kept thumbing his Milton and other models, and informed the parent--actually in verse too!--that while philosophers and sages are not without their influence on the stream of life, it is after all the poet who

Refines its fountain springs, The nobler passions of the soul.

COLLEGE AND HIGHLAND TUTORSHIPS

When Campbell said farewell to the Grammar School prior to entering his name at College, it was observed of him that no boy of his age had ever left more esteemed by his classfellows or with better prospects at the University. His first College session began in October 1791. At that time the University was located in the High Street, the classic Molendinar, as yet uncovered, finding a way to the Clyde through its park and gardens. Johnson thought it was 'without a sufficient share in the magnificence of the place'; and not unlikely the scarlet gowns worn by the students were in Campbell's day pretty much what they were when Wesley reported them 'very dirty, some very ragged, and all of coarse cloth.' But there must have been something very pleasant about the quaint old world life which was then lived in and around the College Squares. Close upon four hundred students used to gather about the time-honoured courts, the windows of the professors' houses looking down upon them from the north side; and the memories of many generations must have gone some little way to atone for the lack of 'magnificence' so much deplored by the great Cham of literature.

Such were the men under whose direction the poet completed his education. Of fellow-students with whom he was intimate it is not necessary to say much. Perhaps the best known was Hamilton Paul, a jovial youth with a talent for verse, who afterwards, when minister of Broughton, narrowly escaped censure from the Church courts for an attempt to palliate the shortcomings of Burns by indiscreet allusions to his own clerical brethren. Paul and Campbell were frequently rivals in competing for academical rewards offered for the best compositions in verse, and in one case at least Campbell was beaten. It was Paul who founded the College Debating Club, which usually met in his lodgings and occasionally continued its debates till midnight; and in some published recollections of the Club's doings he bears testimony to Campbell's great fluency as a speaker. Another fellow-student was Gregory Watt, a son of the famous engineer. Campbell described him as 'unparalleled in his early talent for eloquence,' as literally the most beautiful youth he had ever seen; and he declared afterwards that if Watt had lived he must have made a brilliant figure in the House of Commons. Then there was James Thomson, a kindred genius, known familiarly as the 'Doctor,' with whom he formed a life-long friendship, and to whom some of the most intimate of his letters are addressed. It was to the order of this early friend that two marble busts of the poet were executed by Bailey, one of which he presented to Glasgow University; and it was he who also commissioned the well-known portrait by Sir Thomas Lawrence, which accompanies most editions of Campbell's works. Unfortunately, Campbell just missed Jeffrey, the 'great little man,' who spent two happy years at the old College, and, like Campbell himself, was subsequently made its Lord Rector.

Campbell's career at the University, allowing for certain differences of detail, was very much what it had been at the Grammar School. That is to say, he fought shy of drudgery, put on a spurt now and again, distinguished himself in the classics, wrote verse, and indulged freely in the customary frolics of the typical student. He confessed in after life that he was much more inclined to sport than study; and although he admitted having carried away one or two prizes, he admitted also that he was idle in some of the classes. The fact remains notwithstanding, that he constantly outstripped his competitors, who, as Beattie has it, steadily plodded on in the rear, 'the very personifications of industry.' In his first year he took one prize for Latin and another for some English verses, besides securing a bursary on Archbishop Leighton's foundation. Next session he had more academical honours. In the Logic class he received the eighth prize for 'the best composition on various subjects,' and was made an examiner of the exercises sent in by the other students of the class--certainly a high compliment to a youth of his years. One of the essays, on the subject of Sympathy, is printed by Beattie with the Professor's note appended. From this note it appears that the occult art of pointing was not the only matter which required the attention of the student. Professor Jardine might have passed over the amazing statement that 'God has implanted in our nature an emotion of pleasure on contemplating the sufferings of a fellow-creature'; but it was impossible that he should overlook such spellings as 'agreable,' 'sympathyze,' and 'persuits.' Still, 'upon the whole,' said Jardine, 'the exercise is good, and entitles the author to much commendation.'

The Professor's verdict may be taken as a type of Campbell's whole career at College: it was a case of 'much commendation' all through. At the close of his third session he was awarded a prize for a poetical 'Essay on the Origin of Evil,' which, if we are to credit his own statement, gave him a celebrity throughout the entire city, from the High Church down to the bottom of the Saltmarket. The students, who spoke of him as the Pope of Glasgow, even talked of it over their oysters at Lucky MacAlpine's in the Trongate. In the Greek class he took the first prize for a rendering of certain passages from the 'Clouds' of Aristophanes, which Professor Young declared to be the best essay that had ever been given in by a student at the University. This was not bad for a youth of fifteen. Hamilton Paul says that Campbell carried everything before him in the matter of his 'unrivalled translations,' until his fellow-students began to regard him as a prodigy, and copy him as a model. In Galt's Autobiography there is a story--he heads it 'A Twopenny Effusion'--to the effect that the students bore the cost of printing an Ossianic poem of Campbell's which was hawked about at twopence; but as Galt erroneously says that Campbell published 'The Pleasures of Hope' by subscription, we may regard the story as at least doubtful. Campbell called Galt a 'dirty blackguard' for retailing it.

But it was not alone by his proficiency in the classics that Campbell compelled attention. At this time he showed a turn for satire, of which he never afterwards gave much evidence, and his lampoons upon characters in the College and elsewhere were the theme of constant merriment in the quadrangle. Beattie has a good deal to say about these effusions, but if we may judge by a sample which Redding has preserved, their cleverness was better than their taste. It was legitimate enough, perhaps, to rail at the length of an elderly city parson's sermons, to make fun of his oft-recurring phrase, 'the good old-way'; but the worthy man, about to marry a young wife, could hardly be expected to relish this kind of thing:

So for another Shunamite He hunts the city day by day, To warm his chilly veins at night In the good old way.

Vos, Hiberni, collocatis, Summum bonum in--potatoes,

the young satirist had taken the best place at the stove!

Campbell's third session at the University was eventful in several respects. To begin with, it was then--in the spring of 1793--that he made that first visit to Edinburgh to which he so often referred afterwards. It was a time of intense political excitement. 'The French Revolution,' to quote the poet's words, 'had everywhere lighted up the contending spirits of democracy and aristocracy'; and being, in his own estimation, a competent judge of politics, Campbell became a pronounced democrat. Muir and Gerald were about to stand their trial for high treason at Edinburgh, and Campbell 'longed insufferably' to see them--to see Muir especially, of whose accomplishments he had heard a 'magnificent account.' He had an aunt in Edinburgh ready to welcome him; and so, with a crown piece in his pocket, he started for the capital, doing the forty-two miles on foot. Next morning found him in court. The trial was, he says, an era in his life. 'Hitherto I had never known what public eloquence was, and I am sure the Justiciary Scotch lords did not help me to a conception of it, speaking, as they did, bad arguments in broad Scotch. But the Lord Advocate's speech was good--the speeches of Laing and Gillies were better; and Gerald's speech annihilated the remembrances of all the eloquence that had ever been heard within the walls of that house.' In the opinion of eminent English lawyers Gerald had not really been guilty of sedition, and certainly Muir never uttered a sentence in favour of reform stronger than Pitt himself had uttered. Nevertheless, in spite of their solemn protests and their fervent appeals to the jury, they were both sentenced to transportation, and were sent in irons to the hulks.

The trial and its sequel made a deep impression on the young democrat. When he returned to Glasgow he could think and speak of nothing else. His old gaiety had quite deserted him, and instead of frolics and flute-playing and 'auld farrant stories' by the fireside, there were tirades about 'the miserable prospects of society, the corrupt state of modern legislature, the glory of ancient republics, and the wisdom of Solon and Lycurgus.' Never, surely, was any philosopher of fifteen so harassed by political cares and apprehensions. But the gloomy fit did not last long. Campbell had to think of making a living for himself, and he began by casting about for something to fill up his college vacations.

It does not appear that he went to the University with any definite object in view, but the question of a profession had long since become a pressing consideration. Naturally he looked first towards the Church, but his father, unlike the majority of Scots parents about that time, did not encourage him in the notion of wagging his head in a pulpit; and so, after toying with theology--he studied Hebrew and wrote a hymn--he turned his attention in other directions. He thought of law, and spent some time in the office of a city solicitor. Then he thought of business, and filled up a summer recess in the counting-house of a Glasgow merchant, 'busily employed at book-keeping and endeavouring to improve this hand of mine.' Next he tried medicine, but had to give it up because he could not bear to witness the surgical operations. Finally he fell back on the last resource of the University man without a profession, and became a tutor. According to Dr Holmes, the natural end of the tutor is to die of starvation. Campbell's dread was that he would die of dulness: he had engaged to go to the farthest end of the Isle of Mull--

Where the Atlantic wave Pours in among the stormy Hebrides.

It turned out to be not quite so bad as he anticipated, though, in truth, the reality proved much less pleasant than the retrospect. In the meantime he had a very sprightly journey from Glasgow in the company of Joseph Finlayson, an old classfellow who was also going to taste the bitterness of a Highland tutorship. The pair started on the 18th of May 1795. At Greenock they spent a long evening on the quay, 'for economy's sake,' and distinguished themselves by saving a boy from drowning. Campbell thought it pretty hard that two such heroes should go supperless to bed; so they repaired to the inn, ate--according to their own account--dish after dish of beefsteaks, and drank tankards of ale that set them both singing and reciting poetry like mad minstrels of the olden time. Next day, leaving their trunks to be sent by land to Inverary, they crossed the Firth of Clyde to Argyllshire, the jolliest boys in the whole world. Campbell says he had still a half-belief in Ossian, and an Ossianic interest in the Gaelic people; but this did not reconcile him to the Highland beds, in which 'it was not safe to lay yourself down without being troubled with cutaneous sensations next morning.' Nor did the bill of fare at the Highland inns please the travellers any better. It lacked variety. Everywhere it was 'Skatan agas, spuntat agas, usquebaugh'--herrings and potatoes and whisky. But the roaring streams, and the primroses, and the 'chanting cuckoos' made up for all the discomfort. Campbell, as he expresses it, felt a soul in every muscle of his body, and his mind was filled with the thought that he was now going to earn his bread by his own labour.

The two young fellows parted at Inverary, and Campbell went on by way of Oban to Mull, reaching his destination after losing himself several times on the island, the entire length of which he says he traversed. His engagement was with a distant relative of his own, a Mrs Campbell, a 'worthy, sensible widow lady,' who treated him with thoughtful sympathy and consideration. What kind of tutor he made does not appear, but he evidently had the best intentions and a humane regard for his pupils. 'I never beat them,' he remarks, 'remembering how much I loved my father for having never beaten me.'

We know very little about this part of Campbell's career beyond what is told in his own letters. He expected to find in Mull 'a calm retreat for study and the Muses,' and he was not disappointed. At first, naturally enough, he felt very dejected. The house of Sunipol, where he taught, is on the northern shore of the island, from which a magnificent prospect of thirteen of the Hebrides group, including Staffa and Iona, can be obtained. The scenery, on Campbell's own admission, is 'marked by sublimity and the wild majesty of nature,' but unhappily in bad weather--and there is not much good weather in Mull--the island is 'only fit for the haunts of the damned.' There was plenty to feed the fancy of a poet; and yet, 'God wot,' says Campbell, 'I was better pleased to look on the kirk steeples and whinstone causeways of Glasgow than on all the eagles and wild deer of the Highlands.' His trunk was some days late in arriving, and as there was no writing paper in the island he was driven to the expedient of scribbling his thoughts on the wall of his room! However, he soon got reconciled to his forlorn condition; nay, in time he 'blessed the wild delight of solitude.' He diverted himself by botanising, by shooting wild geese, and, poet like, by rowing about in the moonlight; and we hear of an excursion to Staffa and Iona which filled him with hitherto unexperienced emotions of pleasure.

There is even a whisper of a little love affair. A certain Caroline Fraser, a daughter of the minister of Inverary, came to visit at Sunipol. She was, according to Beattie, who knew her, a girl of 'radiant beauty,' and Campbell, being himself well-favoured in the matter of looks--he is described at this time as 'a fair and beautiful boy, with pleasant and winning manners and a mild and cheerful disposition'--it was only natural that the pair should draw together. It was to this lady that the poem in two parts, bearing her Christian name, was addressed. The first part, beginning 'I'll bid the hyacinth to blow,' was written in Mull; the second, 'Gem of the crimson-coloured even,' in the following year, when the young tutor was frequently able to avail himself of the hospitality of the 'adorable Miss Caroline's' family. Verses were also addressed to 'A Rural Beauty in Mull,' but there is nothing to show that the 'young Maria' thus celebrated was anything more than a poetic creation. Of what may be called serious work during the course of the Mull tutorship we do not hear much. An Elegy, written in low spirits soon after he landed, was highly praised by Dr Anderson, the editor of the 'British Poets,' who predicted from it that the author would become a great poet; but Campbell showed himself a better critic when he characterised it as 'very humdrum indeed.' Many of his leisure hours were filled up with translations of his favourite classics, notably with what he calls his old comedy of the 'Clouds' of Aristophanes, but of these it is unnecessary to speak. The real effect of the Mull residence upon his poetic product was not felt until later. It might be too much to say that 'Lord Ullin's Daughter,' 'Lochiel,' and 'Glenara' would never have been written but for the author's sojourn in the Highlands, but the imagery of these and other pieces is clearly traceable to the promptings of island solitude; and much as Campbell disliked his isolation at the time, it undoubtedly proved of the greatest poetic service to him. Meanwhile, after five months of the wilderness, the exile became irksome, and he returned to Glasgow, glad to behold the kirk steeples and to feel his feet not on the 'bent' of Mull, but on the pavement of his native city.

During the whole of this last session at the University he supported himself by private tuition. Among other pupils he had the future Lord Cunninghame of the Court of Session, who indeed boarded with the Campbell family in order to have the benefit of reading Greek with the son. Cunninghame says that Campbell left on his mind a deep impression, not merely of his abilities as a classical scholar, but of the elevation and purity of his sentiments. He read much in Demosthenes and Cicero, and enlarged on their eloquence and the grandeur of their views. It was by these ancient models that he tested the oratory of the moderns. He would repeat with the greatest enthusiasm the most impassioned passages of Lord Chatham's speeches on behalf of American freedom, and Burke's declamation against Warren Hastings was often on his lips. He was firmly convinced at this time that the rulers of the universe were in league against mankind, but he looked forward with some hope to the joyful day when the wrongs of society would be vindicated, and freedom again assume the ascendant. Lord Cunninghame draws a charming picture of the fireside politicians, with Campbell at their head, discussing the French Revolution, and defending their ultra-liberal opinions against the assaults of outsiders. For his age the poet probably took the world and the powers that be much too seriously; but his early political leanings are not without a certain significance in view of his after interest in the cause of liberty.

His last session at the University ended, Campbell, in June 1796, returned to Argyllshire, again as a tutor. This time his engagement was at Downie, near Lochgilphead. The house stood in a secluded spot on the shore of that great arm of the sea known as the Sound of Jura. The view to be obtained from its neighbourhood made a wonderful combination of sea and mountain scenery; but, like Sunipol, the place was altogether too dull for the city-bred youth. Campbell speaks of himself as living the life of a poor starling, caged in by rocks and seas from the haunts of man; as 'lying dormant in a solitary nook of the world, where there is nothing to chase the spleen,' and where the people 'seem to moulder away in sluggishness and deplorable ignorance.' Still, it was not quite so bad as Mull. For one thing, Inverary was comparatively near, and Hamilton Paul was there, as well as the adorable Caroline, to whose charms Paul, as appears from a poetical tribute, had also succumbed. Campbell, we may be sure, was oftener at Inverary than his letters show, for the 'Hebe of the West' clearly had magnetic powers of a quite unusual kind.

Paul has a lively account of the last day he spent with his friend at Inverary. It was the occasion of a 'frugal dinner,' when two old college companions joined the tutors around the table at the Inverary Arms. 'Never,' says Paul, 'did schoolboy enjoy an unexpected holiday more than Campbell. He danced, sang, and capered, half frantic with joy. Had he been only invested with the philabeg, he would have exhibited a striking resemblance to little Donald, leaping and dancing at a Highland wedding.' The company had a delightful afternoon together, and on the way home Campbell worked himself up into a state of ecstacy. He 'recited poetry of his own composition--some of which has never been printed--and then, after a moment's pause, addressed me: "Paul, you and I must go in search of adventures. If you will personate Roderick Random, I will go through the world with you as Strap." "Yes, Tom," said I, "I perceive what is to be the result: you are to be a poet by profession."'

Campbell's greatest difficulty at present was to settle upon any profession; but if his penchant for reciting poetry in the open air could have made him a poet, then indeed was his title clear. He told Scott some years after this that he repeated the 'Cadzow Castle' verses so often, stamping and shaking his head ferociously, while walking along the North Bridge of Edinburgh, that all the coachmen knew him by tongue, and quizzed him as he passed. The habit was mad enough in Edinburgh; in the Highlands it evidently suggested something like lunacy. His successor in the tutorship says that in Campbell's frequent walks along the shore he was often observed by the natives to be 'in a state of high and rapturous excitement,' of the cause and tendency of which they formed very strange and inconsistent ideas.

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