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Commentator: Frances Power Cobbe

Editor: Benjamin Bryan

THE VIVISECTORS' DIRECTORY;

BEING A LIST OF THE LICENSED VIVISECTORS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM, TOGETHER WITH THE LEADING PHYSIOLOGISTS IN FOREIGN LABORATORIES.

EDITED BY BENJAMIN BRYAN, WITH A PREFACE BY FRANCES POWER COBBE.

LONDON: Published by the VICTORIA STREET SOCIETY FOR THE PROTECTION OF ANIMALS FROM VIVISECTION, UNITED WITH THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE TOTAL SUPPRESSION OF VIVISECTION. 1884.

Price, 1s. 6d.; Cloth, 2s.

PREFACE

It was reported at the time of the Franco-German war that the Prussian soldiers profited much by their general acquaintance with the geography of France, and by the possession of convenient pocket maps furnished to them of the invaded districts.

But it is a sickening revelation, even to those who have for years back been steeped to the lips in this Dead Sea literature. Few or none will have realized, we believe, till they look into this Directory as a whole, how infinitely varied have been the devices of the tormentors of animals, how relentless the diligence of these explorers of living tissues, these harpists whose instruments are quivering nerves, these diggers into living brains who leave them "like lately-hoed potato fields." Not the poor humble frogs alone, of which we are wont to hear, but every class of sensitive and intelligent animal seems to be in turn the victim of pitiless experiment,--the commonest of all being the most loving servants of mankind. Not one organ of their beautiful frames but has been chosen for the explorations of a dozen enquirers, and mangled, burned, torn out, or inoculated with some horrible disease. The well-known maladies which result from human drunkenness and vice have been cunningly conveyed to dogs and apes. The breasts of mother brutes nursing their young have been cut off, and the mutilated creatures dropped back to die among their little ones whom they can no longer feed. Pregnant animals have been continually cut open. An Italian physiologist injects putrified human brains into animals. The eyes are chosen as the special seats for inoculation, because, through the transparent body the processes of disease can be most easily watched. Balbiani varnished the skins of dogs, so that after long hours in which all exudation was stopped, the creatures expired--stewed, as it were, in their own blackened blood. Claude Bernard and Alfred Richet baked them alive in stoves constructed for that hideous purpose. Paul Bert and Cyon place them under atmospheric pressures till a dog comes out stiffened all over "like a piece of wood." Brown-S?quard and Brondgeest cut the spinal cords of guinea-pigs and rabbits, and Chauveau opens the spinal canal of horses and irritates the roots of the nerves. Nasse injects salt into the veins, and Watson Cheyne injects micrococci into the eyes. Blondlot and Heidenhain establish fistulas. Aufrecht endeavours to create kidney disease, and K?bner leprosy. Bacchi and Donders pour acetic acid on the nerves of the eyes. Audig?, Colin, Miss Adams, Gr?haut, and Gscheidlen, experiment on various animals with mineral and vegetable poisons; and Fayrer, Brunton, and Lacerda with that of snakes. The bile ducts of dogs and cats are ligatured by Wickham Legg and Rutherford. Skulls of monkeys and dogs are opened and the brains mutilated and stimulated with electricity by Ferrier, Yeo, Horsley, Sch?fer, Goltz, Hitzig, Fritsch, Golgi, Gr?tzner, G?nther Leyden, Hermann, Lov?n, Munk, Longet, Luchsinger, Ott, and Vulpian; and the stomach, heart, liver and spleen, are cut into and diversely dissected alive by a whole host of physiologists, Roy, Gaskell, L?pine, Pellacani, Cohnheim, Marey, Martin, Colasanti, Panum, Moleschott, and Flint.

F. P. C.

THE VIVISECTORS' DIRECTORY.

Contributed to "Dictionnaire Encyclop?dique des Sciences M?dicales," Paris, 1880.

This Thesis also describes experiments in which neuralgic pains are produced by the application of electricity to the orbital nerves of a rabbit--the torture being continued for from half-an-hour to an hour daily from September 14th to October 30th.

Contrib. "?ber die Folgen der Drucksteigerung in der Paukenh?hle," Virchow's Archiv., 1881.

Made experiments on dogs in the Veterinary School of Berlin.

Experiments on the action of Gelsemium sempervirens.

Devotes several chapters of his work on Physiology to a detail of the necessary arrangements of the physiological laboratory, and particularly recommends students to study physiology by vivisecting frogs, as being more readily procured than other animals, and easily held by pinning them on a piece of cork.

Author Vol. 3 of "Anatomy of the Human Body," 3 vols., London, 1793 ; "Anatomy of the Brain," London, 1802; "A System of Operative Surgery," 2 vols., London, 1807; "An Exposition of the Natural System of the Nerves of the Human Body," London, 1824; "The Nervous System of the Human Body," London, 1830; "The Hand, its Mechanism and Vital Endowments," London, 1834-52; Various papers in "Philosophical Transactions," "Institute of Surgery," &c., &c. The discoverer of the double function of the spinal nerves, and the most humane vivisector on record. Among the published accounts of his experiments is the following:--

The following extract contains the well-known conclusions of Sir Charles Bell respecting the utility of Vivisection and its moral aspect:--

President of the Committee which performed the experiments on the effect of mercury, &c., on the livers of dogs. He was accustomed to lecture to his class on the benefit of vivisection, and advised his students to resist every attempt to interfere with it. Originator and suggestor of Rutherford's experiments on the bile ducts.

At the age of 26, M. Bergeron was commissioned to undertake a long series of experiments in several poisoning cases.

Baked sixteen dogs and numerous rabbits in a stove. These animals, Bernard tells us , survived respectively eight minutes, ten minutes, twenty-four minutes, and so on, according to the heat of the stove and according to the position of their heads within it, or outside of it. "It became impossible," he says of them, "to count the pantings. At last the creature falls into convulsions and dies--uttering a cry."

Has made a special study of the effects of electric currents on the nerves, and his work entitled "Untersuchungen ueber den Erregungsvorgang im Nerven und Muskelsystem," is well known to physiologists.

Performed numerous experiments on Horses.

Contrib. "Anatomischer Nachweiss zweir Gehirncentra," Centralblatt f. d. Med. Wiss., 1874.

Made experiments on the brains of dogs.

Performed numerous experiments on dogs and goats, on the accessory and vagus nerves, which he cut through between the cranium and first vertebra, with the result that the sound of the voice became changed. "Was most successful with a goat, in which he succeeded in cutting both accessory nerves, when it could no longer be said to have a voice at all."

Made numerous experiments on healthy dogs, and found they did not die if a piece of the lung was cut out. Hence he became desirous of making the same experiment on men. His first victim was a girl of fourteen, who died a few hours after the operation .

In his "Treatise on Digestion" Blondlot gives the results of experiments on dogs with fistulous openings into the stomach. He is generally spoken of as the first to obtain gastric juice by the establishment of a fistula into the stomach of the lower animals. Longet, another vivisector, mentions in his Treatise of Physiology that a Dr. Bassow read a paper before the Imperial Society of Naturalists, in Moscow, in 1842, in which he gave an account of a number of successful attempts to establish a gastric fistula.

Plethysmographic experiments on the vascular nerves of the extremities.

The last-named article contains records of experiments on rabbits, such as inducing cramp through loss of blood, experiments with electricity on the nervus vagus dexter and nervus vagus sinister; the abdomen cut open to expose the action of the diaphragm. Experiments on frogs are also recorded.

Experiment on the bladders of dogs and rabbits. Some dogs under chloroform; others curarized.--Communicated to Academy of Medicine, Turin, June, 1882.

"No. 1.--One part of the fluid containing bacilli was mixed with one part of a 1 per 1,000 watery solution of bichloride of mercury. This mixture was allowed to stand for twelve minutes, and then injected into the left eye of No. 1.

Engaged with Curci in experiments on biological action of pirotoxine and cinchonidine.

Made experiments, in conjunction with Prof. Roy "to elucidate a number of questions bearing upon the relation which exists between certain diseases of the kidney and cardiac hypertrophy."

Experimented in his private Laboratory at St. Petersburg in 1874; also in Ludwig's Laboratory at Leipsig; in his own Laboratory, and that of Claude Bernard, at Paris. To observe the action excited by barometrical pressure upon the organism, he placed animals in the iron cylinder invented by Paul Bert, but improved upon the latter in such a way that the arteries of the animal were brought into communication with a manometer placed outside, and the nerves of the animal could be acted upon by an electric current.

Has translated from the English "Des l?sions des nerfs et leurs cons?quences," by Dr. Weir-Mitchell; Edited "Chaleur Animale," by Claude Bernard.

Experiments on rabbits, dogs, and cats. The animals were all curarised, and had various nerves cut and excited by electricity.

In 1841 he experimented on animal electricity, and published the results in "Poggendorf's Annals" .

Made experiments on birds.

Joint editor, with A. Mosso, of "Archives italiennes de Biologie," Paris, 1882, &c.

Studies on the kidneys of fishes.

Experiments on the eyes of rabbits.

Experiments with electricity on the exposed ureters of rabbits; also on curarized frogs.

Very numerous experiments, injecting tubercular matter into the eyes of animals.

Experiments on turtles, toads, and fishes.

"I should allow everybody liberty to perform experiments in his own private laboratory. A great many experimenters live in the country, and have no access to a public laboratory, and that would entirely prevent them from carrying on research.-- Do you think that there are many such persons? Yes.-- And who are practising in their own laboratories, and unconnected with medical schools do you mean? I used to do so when I lived in the country, in Suffolk, at Bury St. Edmunds. I performed experiments there for my own purposes of research."

...

"June 19th.--The animal is apparently as well as ever, eating and drinking heartily, and as lively and intelligent as before. No change was perceptible during the whole of this day.

"June 20th.--The wound was oozing, and the animal was less active; but there was no diminution of sensation or voluntary motion. It closely watched flies buzzing about, and frequently made attempts to catch them. Towards the afternoon it began to suffer from choreic spasms of the left angle of the mouth and of the left hand. There was no loss of consciousness. The animal was apparently annoyed by the spasmodic actions of its mouth, and frequently endeavoured to still them by holding its mouth with the other hand. Towards the close of the day the spasms frequently repeated, became more intense, and exhibited an epileptic nature, the convulsions on the left side of the body becoming general. This state continued till....

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