Read Ebook: The American Railway: Its Construction Development Management and Appliances by Clarke Thomas Curtis Cooley Thomas McIntyre Author Of Introduction Etc

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Ebook has 1487 lines and 156870 words, and 30 pages

THE BUILDING OF A RAILWAY 1

Roman Tramways of Stone--First Use of Iron Rails--The Modern Railway created by Stephenson's "Rocket" in 1830--Early American Locomotives--Key to the Evolution of the American Railway--Invention of the Swivelling Truck, Equalizing Beams, and the Switchback--Locating a Road--Work of the Surveying Party--Making the Road-bed--How Tunnels are Avoided--More than Three Thousand Bridges in the United States--Old Wooden Structures--The Howe Truss--The Use of Iron--Viaducts of Steel--The American System of Laying Bridge Foundations under Water--Origin of the Cantilever--Laying the Track--How it is Kept in Repair--Premiums for Section Bosses--Number of Railway Employees in the United States--Rapid Railway Construction--Radical Changes which the Railway will Effect.

FEATS OF RAILWAY ENGINEERING 47

Development of the Rail--Problems for the Engineer--How Heights are Climbed--The Use of Trestles--Construction on a Mountain Side--Engineering on Rope Ladders--Through the Portals of a Ca?on--Feats on the Oroya Railroad, Peru--Nochistongo Cut--Rack Rails for Heavy Grades--Difficulties in Tunnel Construction--Bridge Foundations--Cribs and Pneumatic Caissons--How Men work under Water--The Construction of Stone Arches--Wood and Iron in Bridge-building--Great Suspension Bridges--The Niagara Cantilever and the enormous Forth Bridge--Elevated and Underground Roads--Responsibilities of the Civil Engineer.

AMERICAN LOCOMOTIVES AND CARS 100

RAILWAY MANAGEMENT 149

Relations of Railway Management to all Other Pursuits--Developed by the Necessities of a Complex Industrial Life--How a Continuous Life is Given to a Corporation--Its Artificial Memory--Main Divisions of Railway Management--The Executive and Legislative Powers--The Purchasing and Supply Departments--Importance of the Legal Department--How the Roadway is Kept in Repair--The Maintenance of Rolling Stock--Schedule-making--The Handling of Extra Trains--Duties of the Train-despatcher--Accidents in Spite of Precautions--Daily Distribution of Cars--How Business is Secured and Rates are Fixed--The Interstate Commerce Law--The Questions of "Long and Short Hauls" and "Differentials"--Classification of Freight--Regulation of Passenger-rates--Work of Soliciting Agents--The Collection of Revenue and Statistics--What is a Way-bill--How Disbursements are Made--The Social and Industrial Problem which Confronts Railway Corporations.

SAFETY IN RAILROAD TRAVEL 187

The Possibilities of Destruction in the Great Speed of a Locomotive--The Energy of Four Hundred Tons Moving at Seventy-five Miles an Hour--A Look ahead from a Locomotive at Night--Passengers Killed and Injured in One Year--Good Discipline the Great Source of Safety--The Part Played by Mechanical Appliances--Hand-brakes on Old Cars--How the Air-brake Works--The Electric Brake--Improvements yet to be Made--Engine Driver Brakes--Two Classes of Signals: those which Protect Points of Danger, and those which Keep an Interval between Trains on the Same Track--The Semaphore--Interlocking Signals and Switches--Electric Annunciators to Indicate the Movements--The Block Signal System--Protection for Crossings--Gates and Gongs--How Derailment is Guarded Against--Safety Bolts--Automatic Couplers--The Vestibule as a Safety Appliance--Car Heating and Lighting.

RAILWAY PASSENGER TRAVEL 228

The Earliest Railway Passenger Advertisement--The First Time-table Published in America--The Mohawk & Hudson Train--Survival of Stage-coach Terms in English Railway Nomenclature--Simon Cameron's Rash Prediction--Discomforts of Early Cars--Introduction of Air-brakes, Patent Buffers and Couplers, the Bell-cord, and Interlocking Switches--The First Sleeping-cars--Mr. Pullman's Experiments--The "Pioneer"--Introduction of Parlor and Drawing-room Cars--The Demand for Dining-cars--Ingenious Devices for Heating Cars--Origin of Vestibule-cars--An Important Safety Appliance--The Luxuries of a Limited Express--Fast Time in America and England--Sleeping-cars for Immigrants--The Village of Pullman--The Largest Car-works in the World--Baggage-checks and Coupon Tickets--Conveniences in a Modern Depot--Statistics in Regard to Accidents--Proportion of Passengers in Various Classes--Comparison of Rates in the Leading Countries of the World.

THE FREIGHT-CAR SERVICE 267

Sixteen Months' Journey of a Car--Detentions by the Way--Difficulties of the Car Accountant's Office--Necessities of Through Freight--How a Company's Cars are Scattered--The Question of Mileage--Reduction of the Balance in Favor of Other Roads--Relation of the Car Accountant's Work to the Transportation Department--Computation of Mileage--The Record Branch--How Reports are Gathered and Compiled--Exchange of "Junction Cards"--The Use of "Tracers"--Distribution of Empty Cars--Control of the Movement of Freight--How Trains are Made Up--Duties of the Yardmaster--The Handling of Through Trains--Organization of Fast Lines--Transfer Freight Houses--Special Cars for Specific Service--Disasters to Freight Trains--How the Companies Suffer--Inequalities in Payment for Car Service--The Per Diem Plan--A Uniform Charge for Car Rental--What Reforms might be Accomplished.

HOW TO FEED A RAILWAY 298

The Many Necessities of a Modern Railway--The Purchasing and Supply Departments--Comparison with the Commissary Department of an Army--Financial Importance--Immense Expenditures--The General Storehouse--Duties of the Purchasing Agent--The Best Material the Cheapest--Profits from the Scrap-heap--Old Rails Worked over into New Implements--Yearly Contracts for Staple Articles--Economy in Fuel--Tests by the Best Engineers and Firemen--The Stationery Supply--Aggregate Annual Cost of Envelopes, Tickets, and Time-tables--The Average Life of Rails--Durability of Cross-ties--What it Costs per Mile to Run an Engine--The Paymaster's Duties--Scenes during the Trip of a Pay-car.

THE RAILWAY MAIL SERVICE 312

An Object Lesson in Postal Progress--Nearness of the Department to the People--The First Travelling Post-Office in the United States--Organization of the Department in 1789--Early Mail Contracts--All Railroads made Post-routes--Compartments for Mail Clerks in Baggage-cars--Origin of the Present System in 1862--Important Work of Colonel George S. Bangs--The "Fast Mail" between New York and Chicago--Why it was Suspended--Resumption in 1877--Present Condition of the Service--Statistics--A Ride on the "Fast Mail"--Busy Scenes at the Grand Central Depot--Special Uses of the Five Cars--Duties of the Clerks--How the Work is Performed--Annual Appropriation for Special Mail Facilities--Dangers Threatening the Railway Mail Clerk's Life--An Insurance Fund Proposed--Needs of the Service--A Plea for Radical Civil Service Reform.

THE RAILWAY IN ITS BUSINESS RELATIONS 344

Amount of Capital Invested in Railways--Important Place in the Modern Industrial System--The Duke of Bridgewater's Foresight--The Growth of Half a Century--Early Methods of Business Management--The Tendency toward Consolidation--How the War Developed a National Idea--Its Effect on Railroad Building--Thomson and Scott as Organizers--Vanderbilt's Capacity for Financial Management--Garrett's Development of the Baltimore & Ohio--The Concentration of Immense Power in a Few Men--Making Money out of the Investors--Difficult Positions of Stockholders and Bondholders--How the Finances are Manipulated by the Board of Directors--Temptations to the Misuse of Power--Relations of Railroads to the Public who Use Them--Inequalities in Freight Rates--Undue Advantages for Large Trade Centres--Proposed Remedies--Objections to Government Control--Failure of Grangerism--The Origin of Pools--Their Advantages--Albert Fink's Great Work--Charles Francis Adams and the Massachusetts Commission--Adoption of the Interstate Commerce Law--Important Influence of the Commission--Its Future Functions--Ill-judged State Legislation.

THE PREVENTION OF RAILWAY STRIKES 370

Railways the Largest Single Interest in the United States--Some Impressive Statistics--Growth of a Complex Organization--Five Divisions of Necessary Work--Other Special Departments--Importance of the Operating Department--The Evil of Strikes--To be Remedied by Thorough Organization--Not the Ordinary Relation between Employer and Employee--Of what the Model Railway Service Should Consist--Temporary and Permanent Employees--Promotion from one Grade to the Other--Rights and Privileges of the Permanent Service--Employment during Good Behavior--Proposed Tribunal for Adjusting Differences and Enforcing Discipline--A Regular Advance in Pay for Faithful Service--A Fund for Hospital Service, Pensions, and Insurance--Railroad Educational Institutions--The Employer to Have a Voice in Management through a Council--A System of Representation.

THE EVERY-DAY LIFE OF RAILROAD MEN 383

The Typical Railroad Man--On the Road and at Home--Raising the Moral Standard--Characteristics of the Freight Brakeman--His Wit the Result of Meditation--How Slang is Originated--Agreeable Features of his Life in Fine Weather--Hardships in Winter--The Perils of Hand-brakes--Broken Trains--Going back to Flag--Coupling Accidents--At the Spring--Advantages of a Passenger Brakeman--Trials of the Freight Conductor--The Investigation of Accidents--Irregular Hours of Work--The Locomotive Engineer the Hero of the Rail--His Rare Qualities--The Value of Quick Judgment--Calm Fidelity a Necessary Trait--Saving Fuel on a Freight Engine--Making Time on a Passenger Engine--Remarkable Runs--The Spirit of Fraternity among Engineers--Difficult Duties of a Passenger-train Conductor--Tact in Dealing with Many People--Questions to be Answered--How Rough Characters are Dealt with--Heavy Responsibilities--The Work of a Station Agent--Flirtation by Telegraph--The Baggage-master's Hard Task--Eternal Vigilance Necessary in a Switch-tender--Section-men, Train Despatchers, Firemen, and Clerks--Efforts to Make the Railroad Man's Life Easier.

STATISTICAL RAILWAY STUDIES 425

ILLUSTRATED WITH THIRTEEN MAPS AND NINETEEN CHARTS.

THE LAST SPAN A. B. Frost v

SNOW-SHEDS, SELKIRK MOUNTAINS, CANADIAN PACIFIC J. D. Woodward 19

RAIL MAKING Walter Shirlaw 39

LOOP AND GREAT TRESTLE NEAR HAGERMAN'S, ON THE COLORADO MIDLAND RAILWAY J. D. Woodward 51

PORTAL OF A TUNNEL IN PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTION Otto Stark 65

AT WORK IN A PNEUMATIC CAISSON--FIFTY FEET BELOW THE SURFACE OF THE WATER Walter Shirlaw 73

BELOW THE BROOKLYN BRIDGE J. H. Twachtman 83

THE ST. LOUIS BRIDGE DURING CONSTRUCTION M. E. Sands & R. Blum 95

INTERIOR OF A ROUND-HOUSE M. J. Burns 130

VIEW IN LOCOMOTIVE ERECTING SHOP J. D. Woodward & R. Blum 135

DIAGRAM USED IN MAKING RAILWAY TIME-TABLES 161

THE GENERAL DESPATCHER M. J. Burns 165

MANTUA JUNCTION, WEST PHILADELPHIA, SHOWING A COMPLEX SYSTEM OF INTERLACING TRACKS W. C. Fitler 169

DANGER AHEAD! A. B. Frost 189

IN A BAGGAGE-ROOM W. C. Broughton 255

"SHOW YOUR TICKETS!" Walter Shirlaw 261

FREIGHT FROM ALL QUARTERS--SOME TYPICAL TRAINS W. C. Fitler 291

AT A WAY-STATION--THE POSTMASTER'S ASSISTANT Herbert Denman 321

TRANSFER OF MAIL AT THE GRAND CENTRAL STATION, NEW YORK Herbert Denman 327

SORTING LETTERS IN CAR NO. 1--THE FAST MAIL Herbert Denman 333

A BREAKDOWN ON THE ROAD A. B. Frost 405

IN THE WAITING ROOM OF A COUNTRY STATION A. B. Frost 413

THE TRIALS OF A BAGGAGE-MASTER A. B. Frost 417

PAGE First Locomotive 2

Locomotive of To-day 3

A Sharp Curve--Manhattan Elevated Railway, 110th Street, New York 7

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