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Read Ebook: Pumps and Hydraulics Part 1 (of 2) by Hawkins N Nehemiah
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Ebook has 687 lines and 93601 words, and 14 pages
Part ONE.
The divisions of Part One are represented by the following headings: each subject is fully treated and illustrated on the pages shown:
PAGES
INTRODUCTORY CONSIDERATIONS 1-16
GLOSSARY OF PUMP AND HYDRAULIC TERMS 17-34
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION 35-70
ELEMENTARY HYDRAULICS 70-104
FLOW OF WATER UNDER PRESSURE 105-116
WATER PRESSURE MACHINES 117-154
WATER WHEELS 119-125
TURBINE WATER WHEELS 126-135, 141-144
TURBINE PUMPS 136-139
WATER PRESSURE ENGINES 145-147
HYDRAULIC MOTORS 147-154
HYDRAULIC APPARATUS 155-184
HYDRAULIC JACK 159-168
HYDRAULIC PRESS 169-170
HYDRAULIC ACCUMULATOR 171-173
HYDRAULIC RAM 175-180
PUMPS AS HYDRAULIC APPARATUS 181-184
CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS 185-345
HAND PUMPS 189-204
POWER PUMPS 205-224
BELTED PUMPS 225-240
THE ELECTRIC PUMP 241-276
THE STEAM PUMP 227-330
THE DUPLEX PUMP 331-343
UNDERWRITER FIRE PUMPS 344
SPECIFICATIONS OF THE NATIONAL BOARD OF FIRE UNDERWRITERS RELATING TO THE DUPLEX FIRE PUMPS 347-398
READY REFERENCE INDEX TO PART ONE
INTRODUCTORY CONSIDERATIONS
PREFACE
It should be a matter of thankfulness to author and reader, or rather to both instructor and student, for this is designed to be an educational work, that the Laws of Nature are unchangeable.
The silent, mighty, unanswering physical characteristics of Gravity, Cohesion, Tenacity, furnish an agreeable contrast to the din, discord and frequent argument, to the verge of hatred, that have too often accompanied the efforts of mankind to co-operate with the forces of Nature. But now, between author and reader, let it be hoped, that in the unfolding of the subject-matter of this work that kind consideration will be extended and that some of that peacefulness and trust which existed on the earth, when flints were the weapons and the gourds the only goblets, may prevail from beginning to the "finis" of the volumes.
The author in planning the outlines of this work has aimed to keep close to real things belonging to the practical side of hydraulics, pumps, pumping-engines, and to the simple explanation of the Natural Laws pertaining to their industrial application. A knowledge of the real things in the objective world about us and the laws that govern them in their inter-relations is of practical value to every man; all branches of science are simply branches of one great science and all phases of human activity are touched by it; man is so constituted that he must have something to be interested in, and if he has no resources within himself he looks elsewhere, and often to his own disadvantage.
It should be borne in mind by the reader, that the work is designed to be seriously Educational in its plan and scope, and Progressive in the presentation of its subject-matter; nothing has been withheld that might add to its lasting value.
WHAT A STEAM PUMP WOULD SAY IF IT COULD TALK.
GLOSSARY OF PUMP AND HYDRAULIC TERMS.
^Y^.--A pipe fitting for uniting two pipes at an angle of 45?.
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION.
The very small degree of antiquity to which machine tools can lay claim appears forcibly in the sparse records of the state of the mechanic arts a century ago.
A few tools of a rude kind, such as trip-hammers , and a few special ones, which aimed at accuracy but were of limited application, such as "mills" for boring cannon, or "engines" for cutting the teeth of clock wheels, were almost their only representatives.
The transmission of power was unthought of, except for the very limited distances which were possible with the ill-fitted "gudgeons" and "lanterns and trundles" of the old millwrights.
The steam-engine, however, changed all this; on the one hand the hitherto unheard of accuracy of fit required by its working parts created a demand for tools of increased power and precision, and on the other it rendered the use of such tools possible in almost any situation.
Thus, acting and re-acting on each other, machine tools and steam engines have grown side by side, although the first steps were costly and difficult to a degree which is not now easy to realize. James Watt, for instance, in 1779 was fain to be content with a cylinder for his "fire-engine," of which, though it was but 18 inches in the bore, the diameter in one place exceeded that at another by about 3/8 of an inch; its piston was not unnaturally leaky; though he packed it with "paper, cork, putty, pasteboard and old hat."
In 1698 Capt. Thomas Savery secured Letters Patent for a machine for raising water by steam. It consisted of two boilers and two receivers for the steam, with valves and the needful pipes. One of the receivers being filled with steam, its communication with the boiler was then cut off and the steam condensed with cold water outside of it; into the vacuum thus formed the atmosphere forced the water from below, when the steam was again caused to press upon the water and drive it still higher.
This engine was used extensively for draining mines and the water was, in some instances, made to turn a water wheel, by which lathes and other machinery were driven.
This engine was, in course of years, used in connection with the Cornish pump, whose performance in raising water from mines came to be a matter of the nicest scientific investigation, and adopted as the standard for the duty or work, by which to compare the multitudinous experimental machines very soon introduced by many inventors.
It were vain to even try, to trace the advances made toward the mammoth city pumping stations, from the early beginning hereafter described, which have inspired the words recorded by J. F. Holloway, M. E.:
"In looking upon the ponderous pumping engines which lift a volume of water equal to the flow of a river, sending it with each throbbing beat of their pulsating plungers through the arteries and veins that now reach out in every direction in our great cities, bringing health, comfort, cleanliness and protection to every home therein, we cannot but wonder what is the history of their beginning, what the process of their evolution out from the crude appliances of long ago.
Just who the first man was, and by what stream he sat gazing on his parched fields, on which the cloudless skies of the Orient shed no rain, and where the early rising sun with eager haste lapped up the dew drops which the more kindly night in pity over his hard lot had shed, and who, looking on his withering grain stalks on the one side and the life-giving waters which flowed by on the other, first caught the inspiring thought that if one could only be brought to the other, how great would be the harvest, we shall never know. Knowing, as we do, that such still is the problem that confronts the toiler on the plains of that far-off Eastern land where man's necessities first prompted man's invention, it does not require a great stretch of the imagination to conceive of such a situation, and to believe that, acting on the impulse of the moment, he called his mate, and tying thongs to the feet of a sheep-skin and standing on either side of the brook, with alternate swingings of the suspended skin they lifted the waters of the stream to the thirsty field, making its blanched furrows to bloom with vegetation, and at the same time introducing to the world the first hydraulic apparatus ever invented, and certainly the first hydraulic ram ever used."
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