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Read Ebook: Musketry (.303 and .22 cartridges) Elementary training visual training judging distance fire discipline range practices field practices by Solano E John Editor
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Ebook has 507 lines and 86477 words, and 11 pages
The foresight; that the blade is not deformed.
Turn the safety-catch completely over to the front with the thumb or forefinger of the right hand . Pull out the cut-off if closed, first pressing it downwards with the thumb, then seize the knob with the forefinger and thumb of the right hand, turn it sharply upwards, and draw back the bolt to its full extent, then grasp the butt with the right hand immediately behind the bolt, thumb pointing to the muzzle.
The soldier, when the officer has passed the next file to him, will act as detailed in para. 3 above.
In ordering arms from the examine, the first motion is to seize the rifle with the right hand between the backsight and the band, at the same time bringing the left foot back to the right. With the second motion the rifle will be brought to the order, the left hand being cut away to the side.
THE THEORY AND PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF RIFLE FIRE
For under war conditions targets beyond close range are usually invisible or indistinct, and frequently in motion; distances are uncertain and difficult to judge; firing takes place under all conditions of light and atmosphere over every variety of ground, under the strain of excitement and fatigue in the face of artillery and rifle fire, with weapons which rapidly become imperfect owing to heavy wear. Accordingly, the theory of rifle fire is considered in this book in relation to practical service conditions.
It must be explained to the soldier that the further an object has to travel and the longer it is suspended in the air, the higher it must be thrown to counteract the force of gravity, because the greater the distance it travels and the longer it remains in the air the longer will the object be affected by the force of gravity. Consequently the longer the range the higher will the curve of the trajectory take the bullet in its flight, and the steeper will be the angle at which it will fall to the earth.
At close range, whether fire is distributed along the dense line of an infantry attack or concentrated on narrow-fronted attacking columns, the effect of side wind will cause little, if any, loss of fire effect. Individual soldiers, however, in taking the deliberate aim necessary for fire effect, should aim off for side winds of different velocity .
In directing fire beyond close range, fire-unit commanders must use their judgment in allowing for deflection due to side and oblique winds by including directions for aiming-off in fire orders. The extent of the allowance will in every case depend upon a variety of factors, including the direction and velocity of the wind and the distance of the target. Neglect to make due allowance for strong winds at longer ranges may lead to loss of fire effect, more particularly in the case of concentrated fire aimed at narrow-fronted targets, such as a machine-gun.
It will be seen that up to 1,500 yards--when the ground is parallel to the line of sight--the depth of the beaten zone decreases with the range, on account of the increased angle of descent of the bullets. This shrinkage of the beaten zone does not of itself increase fire effect by the closer grouping of bullets, owing to the increased steepness of the angle of descent, which decreases dangerous space.
Beyond 1,500 yards it will be found that the depth of the beaten zone tends to increase in consequence of the influence of atmospheric conditions on the flight of the bullet, the increased effects of errors in aiming, and faults in the rifle and ammunition--all of which combine to increase the dispersion of fire. This increased dispersion does not of itself increase fire effect owing again to the greatly increased steepness of the angle of descent at longer ranges, which results in a correspondingly great decrease in dangerous space.
For example, at 1,500 yards range the depth of the beaten zone is roughly increased by three-fifths when the bullets strike ground falling at 2 degrees. On ground falling at 5 degrees, which is nearly parallel to the trajectory at this range, the depth beaten is about ten times greater than on level ground.
INSTRUCTION IN AIMING
AIMING FIRING
A. A.
B. B.
C. C.
D. D.
The aiming position should not be taught until aiming has been taught.
Aiming and trigger-pressing should not be combined until trigger-pressing has been taught.
The test for trigger-pressing should not be applied until after the lying position has been taught.
The miniature range may be used when assurance of reasonable proficiency has been ascertained by means of the aiming discs.
The 30-yards range with service ammunition may be used when the results on the miniature range are satisfactory.
Grouping on the open range may be commenced when the recruit is able to make good groups on the 30-yards range.
Diagrams showing position of sights correctly and incorrectly aligned.
The Legret aim-teacher.
Aim-corrector.
Aiming-disc.
Aiming-rest.
Firing-rest.
Charger and dummy cartridges.
Measuring rings .
The backsight must be kept upright.
The left or right eye, according to the shoulder from which the man shoots, must be closed.
The following method will be found useful to guide the soldier in taking the correct amount of foresight: Lay the edge of a piece of paper on the upper edge of the backsight cap, when the sight will appear as shown in one of the subjoined diagrams. A piece of cardboard laid on the cap and held in place by an elastic band will answer the same purpose.
Practice in aiming at ground may be carried out on miniature ranges, as described in Sec. 72, para. 2 , as well as in open country. It must always be carried out under practical conditions, and will include aiming at various ill-defined targets, such as a spot on a bare hillside or a stretch of grass-land. Targets will be indicated verbally by the instructor, and recruits will aim at them with rifles on aiming-rests. The instructor will then criticize each man's aim and correct faults. Practice in aiming at ground will prove a useful preparation for training in recognition of targets and fire discipline .
Up to 500 yards range, aim should be taken--
About 1 foot in front per 100 yards at a single man walking.
About 2 feet in front per 100 yards at a single man doubling.
About 3 feet in front per 100 yards at a single horseman trotting.
About 4 feet in front per 100 yards at a single horseman galloping.
Thus, at 100 yards a soldier should aim about the breadth of a man in front of an individual walking, and at 200 yards about a horse-length in front of a single horseman trotting.
ELEMENTARY INSTRUCTION IN FIRING
Trigger-pressing from aiming-rest.
Snapping from aiming-rest.
Assuming the various firing positions.
Loading and unloading in the various firing positions.
Aiming and firing in the various firing positions in the open, including loading, adjusting sights, and unloading.
As in , with the various firing positions adapted to different forms of cover.
Muscle exercises.
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