Read Ebook: The Countess of Lowndes Square and Other Stories by Benson E F Edward Frederic

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PART FIRST.

Of the Formation and Decomposition of A?riform Fluids,--of the Combustion of Simple Bodies, and the Formation of Acids, Page 1

Combustion of Phosphorus, 100

Of the Combinations of Acids with Salifiable Bases, and of the Formation of Neutral Salts, 175

INTRODUCTION, ibid.

TABLE of Simple Substances, 175

TABLE of Compound Oxydable and Acidifiable Bases, 179

TABLE of the Combinations of Oxygen with the Simple Substances, to face 185

TABLE of the Combinations of Oxygen with Compound Radicals, 190

TABLE of the Combinations of Azote with the Simple Substances, 194

TABLE of the Combinations of Hydrogen with Simple Substances, 198

TABLE of the Binary Combinations of Sulphur with the Simple Substances, 202

TABLE of the Combinations of Phosphorus with Simple Substances, 204

TABLE of the Binary Combinations of Charcoal, 207

TABLE of the Combinations of Azote, in the State of Nitrous Acid, with the Salifiable Bases, 212

TABLE of the Combinations of Azote, in the State of Nitric Acid, with the Salifiable Bases, 213

TABLE of the Combinations of Sulphuric Acid with the Salifiable Bases, 218

TABLE of the Combinations of Sulphurous Acid, 222

TABLE of the Combinations of Phosphorous and Phosphoric Acids, 225

TABLE of the Combinations of Carbonic Acid, 228

TABLE of the Combinations of Muriatic Acid, 231

TABLE of the Combinations of Oxygenated Muriatic Acid, 232

TABLE of the Combinations of Nitro-Muriatic Acid, 236

TABLE of the Combinations of Fluoric Acid, 239

TABLE of the Combinations of Boracic Acid, 242

TABLE of the Combinations of Arseniac Acid, 246

TABLE of the Combinations of Tartarous Acid, 253

TABLE of the Combinations of Citric Acid, 258

TABLE of the Combinations of Pyro-lignous Acid, 260

TABLE of the Combinations of Pyro-mucous Acid, 263

TABLE of the Combinations of Oxalic Acid, 265

TABLE of the Combinations of Acetous Acid, to face 267

TABLE of the Combinations of Acetic Acid, 271

TABLE of the Combinations of Succinic Acid, 273

TABLE of the Combinations of Saccholactic Acid, 280

TABLE of the Combinations of Formic Acid, 282

SECT. XL.--Observations upon Formic Acid, and its Combinations with the Salifiable Bases, 283

TABLE of the Combinations of the Sebacic Acid, 285

TABLE of the Combinations of the Prussic Acid, 288

Description of the Instruments and Operations of Chemistry, 291

INTRODUCTION, 291

ELEMENTS

CHEMISTRY.

Of the Formation and Decomposition of A?riform Fluids--of the Combustion of Simple Bodies--and the Formation of Acids.

That every body, whether solid or fluid, is augmented in all its dimensions by any increase of its sensible heat, was long ago fully established as a physical axiom, or universal proposition, by the celebrated Boerhaave. Such facts as have been adduced for controverting the generality of this principle offer only fallacious results, or, at least, such as are so complicated with foreign circumstances as to mislead the judgment: But, when we separately consider the effects, so as to deduce each from the cause to which they separately belong, it is easy to perceive that the separation of particles by heat is a constant and general law of nature.

When we have heated a solid body to a certain degree, and have thereby caused its particles to separate from each other, if we allow the body to cool, its particles again approach each other in the same proportion in which they were separated by the increased temperature; the body returns through the same degrees of expansion which it before extended through; and, if it be brought back to the same temperature from which we set out at the commencement of the experiment, it recovers exactly the same dimensions which it formerly occupied. But, as we are still very far from being able to arrive at the degree of absolute cold, or deprivation of all heat, being unacquainted with any degree of coldness which we cannot suppose capable of still farther augmentation, it follows, that we are still incapable of causing the ultimate particles of bodies to approach each other as near as is possible; and, consequently, that the particles of all bodies do not touch each other in any state hitherto known, which, tho' a very singular conclusion, is yet impossible to be denied.

It is supposed, that, since the particles of bodies are thus continually impelled by heat to separate from each other, they would have no connection between themselves; and, of consequence, that there could be no solidity in nature, unless they were held together by some other power which tends to unite them, and, so to speak, to chain them together; which power, whatever be its cause, or manner of operation, we name Attraction.

Thus the particles of all bodies may be considered as subjected to the action of two opposite powers, the one repulsive, the other attractive, between which they remain in equilibrio. So long as the attractive force remains stronger, the body must continue in a state of solidity; but if, on the contrary, heat has so far removed these particles from each other, as to place them beyond the sphere of attraction, they lose the adhesion they before had with each other, and the body ceases to be solid.

Water gives us a regular and constant example of these facts; whilst below Zero of the French thermometer, or 32? of Fahrenheit, it remains solid, and is called ice. Above that degree of temperature, its particles being no longer held together by reciprocal attraction, it becomes liquid; and, when we raise its temperature above 80?, its particles, giving way to the repulsion caused by the heat, assume the state of vapour or gas, and the water is changed into an a?riform fluid.

The same may be affirmed of all bodies in nature: They are either solid or liquid, or in the state of elastic a?riform vapour, according to the proportion which takes place between the attractive force inherent in their particles, and the repulsive power of the heat acting upon these; or, what amounts to the same thing, in proportion to the degree of heat to which they are exposed.

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