Read Ebook: A Manual of Conchology According to the System Laid Down by Lamarck with the Late Improvements by De Blainville. Exemplified and Arranged for the Use of Students. by Wyatt Thomas

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Consists of numerous parallel tubes, nearly straight, communicating by an aperture, forming when in mass the appearance of a honeycomb; it adheres to rocks in clusters.

Species incrusted with small stones; sometimes found thick and of a large size.

Tube elongated, cylindrical, membranous, attenuated and pointed at the base, with adhesions of sand.

Terebella conchilega. T. cristata. T. ventricosa.

Tube covered with numerous fragments of broken shells.

Nearly the same as the Terebella, but of a tougher membranous texture, and generally without adhesions.

Amphitrite ventilabrum. A. penicillus. A. magnifica. A. vesiculosa. A. volutacornis. A. infundibulum.

Tube subulate, smooth, of a yellowish colour.

Tube testaceous, spirally twisted on a horizontal plane, with terminal aperture rounded or angular, attached by the lower part to marine substances.

Spirorbis Nautiloides. S. spirillum. S. carinata. S. lamellosa. S. tricostalis.

White, transversely wrinkled and minute.

The name of this genus is derived from the Latin word serpo, to creep, on account of the vermiform character of some of its species.

They are invariably tubular, sometimes solitary, but more frequently in clusters spirally entwined, adhering to marine substances. In colour they are brown, purple, yellow, tawny, pink or white, and sometimes tinged with green.

Tube solid, calcareous, irregularly twisted, fixed to other substances.

Serpula vermicularis. S. fascicularis. S. intestinum. S. contortuplicata. S. plicaria. S. glomerata. S. decussata. S. protensa. S. infundibulum. S. annulata. S. cereolus. S. filograna. S. vermicella. S. filaria. S. pellucida. S. intorta. S. cristata. S. spirulaea. S. quadrangularis. S. minima. S. echinata. S. sulcata. S. costalis. S. dentifera. S. sipho. S. arenaria.

White, cylindrical, tapering, rugged, variously curved and twisted.

Tube testaceous, cylindrical, more or less twisted, gradually attenuated posteriorly; opening round, the margin with one, two, or three teeth; shell adhering by the side to other substances; provided with a convex operculum.

White or reddish, rugged, twisted and triangular, carinated along the back.

Distinguished from the Vermilia by a very peculiar operculum. Found in groups, adhering together at the base.

Tube open at the summit; aperture orbicular, terminated on the side by a spatulous tongue; operculum orbicular, squamose, consisting of from five to nine testaceous parts or valves, all attached to one side of the operculum; the middle one dentated at the truncated part of its summit, the others a little toothed on their internal edge.

Galeolaria caespitosa. Galeolaria elongata.

Whitish, existing in congregated masses; operculum as above.

A very singular shell, greatly resembling a petrified body, composed of a testaceous white substance like alabaster. The base is bent into a short spire, with about four contiguous whorls; the last prolonged and nearly straight. The animal, as it increases in size, abandons the spiral part by increasing the tubular part, filling up the part it quits with calcareous matter, which proves that it advances gradually.

Tube partially involuted, convex in its upper exterior part, the lower side flattened, platted, carinated, and somewhat angular; the spire short, helix-formed, and prolonged through the rest of its extent in nearly a right line; aperture entire, oval, with a sort of sinus or gutter in the middle line, producing the keel of the shell.

Answers to the above description; colour pale yellowish brown, transversely wrinkled.

CIRRHIPEDES. Ten genera.

Lamarck divided the Lepas of Linnaeus into the various genera which compose this family. The term lepas is derived from the Greek word ?????, a rock, alluding to its custom of adhering to rocks and marine bodies. The shell often varies in shape, covering, and colouring; it is generally conical, but sometimes hemispherical; some of the valves are placed perpendicularly on a base, broad at the lower margin and tapering towards the summit, which is closed by small horizontal valves forming the operculum. The number of valves is indefinite, from four to twenty-four; but all are diversified with striae, ridges, and grooves. The striae are mostly transverse, and the ridges longitudinal.

The valves which compose the operculum or lid vary in shape, and are in number two, three, four, or more; they are generally attached to a ligament.

They are seldom, if ever, found detached, but adhere in groups to rocks, shells, anchors, marine animals, &c. Those that fix themselves to ships are generally called barnacles; they rapidly increase in size and number, do great damage, and greatly impede the progress of the vessel. Some of this family are affixed at the base of the shell to other substances, and are therefore called sessile; others are attached to a fleshy peduncle or stem, and are said to be pedunculated. The peduncle or stem, proceeding from the base of the shell to the substance which sustains it, is sometimes smooth, fine in texture, and tinged with bright red or orange; sometimes it is of a dark or brownish colour, with a texture much coarser and granulated.

Has the form of a cylindrical tube, slightly curved, and open at both ends; one extremity closed by four trapezoidal valves attached to the inner margin, the other end closed by a membrane. The annular ribs which separate the compartments show its progressive growth. Found buried so deeply in the fat of marine animals, particularly whales, that only the operculum and the upper part of the tube are visible. Shell rather elevated, sub-cylindrical, the partitions rather small and indented; the spaces or compartments almost quadrilateral; the inferior much more narrow than the others; the apertures equal and circular; the membrane which closes the superior forming a tube between the four almost equal valves of the operculum.

Tubular, with transverse ribs, and a ring-shaped margin; operculum bottle-shaped.

Coronula testudinaria. C. balaenarum. C. diadema. C. quinquevalvis.

Very depressed, circular, as if radiated by the disposition of marked spaces, striated transversely, forming six rays diverging from the centre to the circumference; aperture oval and hexagonal.

A little more elevated; the spaces prominent, equal between them, much larger than the excavated; the aperture subcircular; the operculum of four valves, almost equal, occupying but a small space of the membranous part which forms between them a sort of tube.

More elevated, sub-hexagonal; the spaces almost equal, the hollow parts larger than the saliant; the superior aperture very large and hexagonal; the inferior much smaller, of the same form, and communicating in a round excavation by radiated plates; the operculum bivalve.

Species irregular, having only five valves, of a purple hue.

So named from its resemblance to an acorn. Shell conical; the coronary part formed of six very distinct valves, one dorsal, one ventral, and two pairs of laterals, with or without a calcareous support; operculum of four articulated pieces, forming a sort of pyramid in the superior aperture of the tube.

Balanus angulosus. B. sulcatus. B. tintinnabulum. B. nigrescens. B. cylindraceus. B. calycularis. B. roseus. B. palmatus. B. stalactiferus. B. plicatus. B. duploconus. B. patellaris. B. semiplicatus. B. galeatus. B. ovularis. B. miser. B. amphimorphus. B. perforatus. B. laevis. B. spinosus. B. radiatus. B. subimbricatus. B. rugosus. B. placianus. B. crispatus. B. punctatus. B. fistulosus. B. latus.

White; valves nearly smooth; operculum strongly ridged transversely, with longitudinal, nearly obsolete striae.

Shell conical; valves strongly and irregularly ribbed; interstices delicately striated transversely; colour purple.

Either has no support or a membranous one; armed with spines exteriorly.

Found in sponge, from which, when detached, it cannot stand erect on account of the convexity of the base.

Shell oval, sub-conic, shaped like a Patella, with six lateral unequal valves slightly connected; operculum with four valves.

Acasta Montagui. A. glans. A. sulcata.

Valves erect, triangular, acute, with muricated ascending spines.

The shells of this genus are generally small; found in the seas of hot countries attached to madrepore and other marine substances.

Shell sessile, thin, Patella-shaped; aperture oval, rather large, closed by a large sub-pyramidal bivalve operculum; a considerable calcareous support, funnel-shaped, penetrating the bodies to which the animal is attached.

Creusia stromia. C. spinulosa. C. verruca.

Very depressed, striated, sometimes with marks of division into four pieces; operculum bivalve.

Whitish, slightly depressed, with interwoven obliquely striated valves; the margin at the base irregularly serrated.

The principal difference between this genus and the Creusia is in form.

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