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JOURNAL

OF RESIDENCE IN THE NEW HEBRIDES, S.W. PACIFIC OCEAN.

WRITTEN DURING THE YEAR 1886,

REVDS. C. BICE AND A. BRITTAIN.

TRURO:

NETHERTON AND WORTH, LEMON STREET.

PREFACE

I have been induced to publish the following Journals at the request of some friends who have perused them, and think they will prove interesting to others. The Journal of the Rev. A. Brittain arrived too late for insertion in the 'Island Voyage' for this year, and I have been requested by the Rev. William Selwyn, the Secretary of the Melanesian Mission, to print it with my own. I do this with the greater pleasure, because his report will not only supply me with a good excuse for rushing into print, but will furnish others with a more full and complete account of the work of the Melanesian Mission in the New Hebrides.

The three islands herein spoken of are the Northernmost of the above-mentioned group--the New Hebrides--and form the Southern boundary of the Melanesian Mission work in the islands of the South-west Pacific Ocean.

Araga and Maewo are long and mountainous islands running almost North and South, about forty miles each in length, and separated by a narrow channel three miles wide. Opa runs at right angles to these, a broad, massive, grand looking country, resembling in appearance a huge whale, the hump of which rises to a height of over 4000 feet.

Araga and Opa are thickly populated, but Maewo has a scattered and sparse population. Opa is about sixteen miles from Araga, but a channel of only five miles in width separates it from Maewo.

The languages and dispositions of these neighbouring lands are much more varied and dissimilar than would naturally be inferred from their close propinquity. And the majority of the people, too, seem to prefer an inland situation, all which serve to make the work of the Missionary the more arduous and difficult. On these islands every outward prospect is pleasing, and the inhabitants themselves not so far gone in vileness as to be incapable of improvement, as I hope the following pages will show. The work of the Melanesian Mission has been established in these islands a good many years now, with more or less success, and schools are in active operation as follows:--

At ARAGA--Wonor, on the Southern face of the island, and Lamoru and Qatvenua on the North.

At MAEWO--Tanrig, Tasmouri, Tasmate, Mandurvat, Naruru, and Uta. All these stations are on the North of the island.

At OPA--Tavolavola, Lobaha, Walurigi, the most flourishing of which is that first mentioned.

With these few preliminary remarks and explanations I leave the following simple pages to tell their own story.

CHARLES BICE.

JOURNAL.

It was a great pleasure to me from this time forward, to see the boys dropping into the cabin one by one to say their prayers, unbidden but none the less welcome.

In the evening we had music. Brown the boatswain has a most ingenious instrument called, I think, the "Cabinetto," which plays almost any tune; a piece of perforated paper is turned over a sort of key-board, like a mouth organ, by means of a handle, and the closed notes are kept silent, while the open ones speak according to the length of the perforation. Its tone is somewhat harsh, but the music is very correct, and there is plenty of it. Brown bought this instrument, which cost him some ?15 or ?16, for the special amusement of his young Melanesian friends. The girls never seem to tire of turning the handle, and the more it is turned the better the owner seems pleased. Forward there is a very good concertina, exceptionally well played by one of the sailors, a banjo played by another, and a tin plate beaten by a third makes a very fair tambourine. Altogether, the hour between 5 and 6 p.m. is very lively with strains of music and other enlivenments. The boys most thoroughly enjoy the music, and are very attentive and enthusiastic listeners, breaking in with a good chorus when they happen to know any of the pieces played. At 7 p.m. English Prayers, a shortened form of Evensong with a hymn, and afterwards full Evensong in Mota with a good deal of singing. We have many nice voices on board this time, and the singing is exceptionally good. Owing to the crowded state of the schoolroom, service is held in the saloon, which is inconveniently small for the large number who attend. The girls who hitherto have been prevented from attending, by reason of sea-sickness, this evening put in a very fairly large appearance. Most Melanesian ladies are bad sailors, and some never get over the inconveniences of the uncongenial sea element.

Poor Tom must find life at home somewhat of a change to the 'easy life' he enjoyed in Sydney. I believe he was very much scandalized when he first got home at the outrageously indecent dress of his countrymen. He himself still dons the Sydney costume, but minus boots. Poor boy! I dare say he dreamed in Sydney of the reforms he would endeavour to effect when he got home, but the stern difficulties in the way he now begins to realize. Oh! Missionary work seems easy enough when viewed from an arm chair at a distance of many thousand miles, the difficulties only become apparent when the man is brought into close connection with his work, and has to grapple in a stubborn, persistant hand to hand fight with the Evil one. Poor Tom! I suppose he will try a little at first to stem the tide, and failing in that, will drift along with the stream. To a poor youth like that the difficulties of his position must seem stupendous and insurmountable. Nothing but the grace of God is sufficient for such. I dare say ere now his bright vistas and day dreams are being only too rudely dispelled, for he will have to find out like all other Missionaries that Christians are not made by machinery, or believers made such in a day; it is a long and weary process, but labour is not in vain in the Lord. Once more on board, the boat was hauled up, and on we started for the North end of the island where now we hoped to find Mr. Brittain. We saw a Labour vessel at anchor along the coast, and got to our own anchorage about 4 p.m. Mr. Brittain came off in his boat very sick, and with some difficulty got on board. He has been ill three weeks and was very anxious for the return of the vessel. During the evening he brightened up a good deal and I dare say felt much better for the society of his white brethren. He gave a very sad account of the state of things ashore, great sickness and considerable mortality. We had a very quiet night at anchor, and determined to stay here till Monday. We had some boys to land, and the boats were going forth and back all the evening. The clatter alongside was fearful owing to the large number of canoes that put off to the ship and every occupant speaking at the same time. They used to be a very noisy crowd, but have much improved of late years. It was a most glorious night at anchor and not excessively hot. We consider that we have done very well to be here so soon with the bad start from Norfolk Island. How the boys and girls did enjoy the fruits of their own islands again, especially green cocoanuts and soft sugar cane! And how pleasing was it too, as well as entertaining, as the shades of evening closed in, to watch the coy and shy flirtations of the young married couples on board; one or two were quite oldfashioned at the process, but Charles and Monica especially were somewhat more bashful. The young bridegrooms were most attentive to their respective spouses on the voyage but necessarily lived apart. The boys and men all live together in the schoolroom, and the girls and married women aft. There are as yet no married people's apartments, we shall look for those when we get a bigger ship.

At 11 o'clock we had service in Mota, at which we had the attendance of all the Melanesians of both sexes in the ship, and a very hearty, cheering service it was. I reserved my address to them for the evening and before noon our religious duties for the morning were over. We dined at 1 o'clock and in the afternoon Mr. Turnbull and myself went ashore. This was his first experience in these islands and he was duly impressed with the natural beauty everywhere apparent, and the good nature of the people. It was nearly high water when we went in over the reef, and the clearness of the sea, the beauty of the coral bed, the dear little blue and vari-coloured fish which flitted about produced their due effect on him. The white beach, too, with its background of most luxuriant green rising from the base and clothing in marvellous profusion the tops of the hills greatly delighted him. The climb up the hill somewhat dispelled the fancy, but one could well imagine oneself in some semi-fairy land so strangely beautiful as it all looked. We were in a very liquid state when we reached the school about three quarters of a mile up the hill, and green cocoanuts were very acceptable. Here we found in the midst of all the loveliness a poor little child dying amid squalor and destitution. The poor young mother was sitting over it and crying her heart out. Her son had been buried the day before and there seemed not a particle of hope for the elder sister. I said what I could to comfort the mother, but it was too late to do anything for the child. The father with a third child was walking up and down disconsolately outside. The sight had its effect on me, for the father bears the honoured name of my great friend Bishop Key of Kaffraria, the mother bears my wife's name, and the little dying one the name of my own daughter, the boy too who died the day before was called "Bailey" a cognomen revered by all Augustinians as the name of its late Warden.

Poor things! May God give them all the comfort of His grace, the only balm for a troubled and afflicted soul.

We walked about the village for a time and everything being utterly new and strange to Mr. Turnbull he was very much charmed. We visited old Sarawia who was once, and I dare say now is, the chief man in the place. He still looks much the same as ever but professed himself to be failing in health, and suffering from a sort of paralysis in his left leg. It does not seem however as if he intended to die just yet for he has lately taken two or three additional wives. We also saw the great wind and rain maker, but he said he had given up the trade now, and came to school regularly. Formerly he used to derive a good income from it I believe.

The houses and gamals here are most squalid and wretched, but the people seem content, and don't trouble themselves much about their habitations, but what they shall eat or drink is a prominent consideration in all their minds. Their great treasures here are pigs and mats, and a man's wealth and standing is measured by his possession in these. After proceeding through various grades if a man can kill one hundred pigs at a feast he is looked upon as a man of importance and his name is handed down to posterity as a great man, and I believe by that means his fare is prepaid to the realms of the Blest. The reverse I believe obtains with those who possess no treasures and kill no pigs. Everyone therefore in the interval between his advent into this world and his departure from it, endeavours to slaughter according to custom one pig or more, or the consequences will be terrible if not here at least hereafter.

This is a cheap way at all events of purchasing blessedness and no wonder they are eager with the small price for it. A fighting man formerly was looked upon as having more claim to their Walhalla than a man who refused or who had failed to take blood. This title certainly of late years has not been so eagerly coveted, and so far it is, thankworthy, but "when the wicked man turneth away from his wickedness and doeth that which is lawful and right he shall save his soul alive," this last clause as yet is omitted from their programme.

On our way back I could not refrain from paying another visit to the dying child. There still sat the faithful mother, and there still lay her pretty child, life was not yet extinct, and she had turned since I saw her before. I determined when I got off to the ship to try and get some medicine as a sort of dernier resort. I doubt if medicine will ever more do any good. We got off to the ship before 5 p.m., and at that hour had tea, bread and sardines, and cake which the cook had concocted. The "Cabinetto" was going most of the evening, Brown having thoughtfully brought some sacred sheets for Sundays. At 7 p.m. we had Evensong in English and afterwards in Mota with an address on the Gospel, "Be ye therefore merciful," "not only were we to ask mercy for ourselves I said, but we too must extend it to others, and we should find plenty of opportunity of doing so, in the places to which we were going. If we only felt for a moment the mercy of God towards us as revealed in Christ Jesus, we must be merciful to our fellows, and we must show them the same mercy we had experienced and known in our Saviour's dealings with our own souls."

We had great singing afterwards, which they always enjoy. It was most resplendent on deck afterwards, and one was thankful for the quiet and refreshment throughout of the day of rest.

Here at Araga they have a very large number of canoes, but they are very bad.

We weighed anchor at noon and stood across to Opa and were at anchor at Tavolavola by about 3.30 p.m.; a very nice breeze took us across, and on arrival there we made preparations for going ashore at once. I found matters satisfactory ashore, and the school in full swing, the young teachers all neatly and nicely dressed.

They were glad to have Charles back again and the women walked off with his pretty wife, dressed in all her bit of best. She had done a good deal of weeping between the ship and shore, evidently being very reluctant to leave her friends on board. Her eyes therefore were slightly tear bedyed, and her cheeks also, before she got ashore. The school looked cared for, and I was pleased to see a very nice new house built for me. The people were very glad to have me back and received me in their usually cordial fashion. An English Trader had built a house, and had resided some months near the village, but had lately taken his departure, why I know not, but I believe there was not trade enough.

There are a number of white men now trading all over the island, the mystery is how they can make it pay. Monica was very tearful again when I bid her good-bye, poor girl I dare say she will have a hard struggle at first among her own country women, but I trust she may have strength given her to resist the wiles of the Evil one and his agents among them. She is a pretty, flighty girl, but much improved of late, and became a great favourite on board. She has a most estimable husband and I hope she will make him a good helpmeet.

We passed a very pleasant night at the snug anchorage and all the boys came off to the ship next morning.

Here we almost filled the ship with fruit, especially a kind ardently longed for by the Norfolk Islanders, which they call the Vee apple, but which the Opa people term "Uhi." Some very sweet oranges too were offered for sale, and the ship looked like a fruit market.

We hoisted our anchor before noon and stood across to Maewo where we anchored in the evening. No one being down on the beach, I started off Arthur Huqe and Duwu to Tanrig to tell the people to come down in the morning.

The village is three or four miles from the watering place and except the ship is there, the Tanrigese seldom come down to this beach, the sea being nearer on the other side of the island. Mr. Turnbull and I with some of the boys went in and had a most delicious bath, after so many days privation all the nicer. The river we found very full and the rush very great, but the water was most beautifully cool and refreshing. This now is the chief and best watering place in the islands, and the water itself is most excellent. Late in the evening a boy arrived who had rowed a long distance in his canoe, and he gave us the news, which was good on the whole. He told me again the tragic story enacted at adui, a village not far from the watering place. One Vulatewa was a reputed disease-maker, and he resided there. Lately there had been a great mortality at Maewo, and especially among the still heathen people of Tanrowo, a coastal district bordering on adui. The great man, Melkalano's son died and his brother and many others, and Vulatewa insisted that he had made the sickness, and would kill many more except he were propitiated. However, propitiation by the gift of pigs or money was not in Melkalano's line, and collecting his followers he made a raid on poor Vulatewa and killed him and two others, cutting them into small pieces, and leaving them as they were killed.

They then drove out the other inhabitants, or rather fear had already lent them wings for flight, and destroyed the village. The poor people left everything they possessed behind, and took refuge in all directions among their friends. The people at the next village, where there was a flourishing school, took fright also, and cleared out of their homes leaving a fine handsome school-house and a new church almost finished. The boy added that as soon as Vulatewa was dead the sickness was stayed. We did no watering this evening as the tide did not suit. After a very quiet night at anchor on

Except the ground floor my house is quite as nice as a one roomed boarded house. The school and church are almost contiguous, and both are strong, substantial buildings. There are at present 80 names of scholars on the books, and these are regular attendants. I hope before I leave, please God, to see that number augmented. At present we are strong in teachers, with the two Arthurs, Patrick, Harry, Duwu, Tilegi, Kate and Agnes. This morning after service, a shortened form of Mattins with a hymn, we had school, and I hope progress has been made. I was pleased to hear the teachers questioning their classes on the subject about which they had been reading. The perseverance of the old men in puzzling out the dreary sheets is perfectly astonishing, but they will not be denied. They have, however, learnt much by heart, e.g. Lord's Prayer, Creed, Te Deum, &c. The women are quite as persevering, if not more so, and I don't like to damp their ardour by forbidding them to try and learn to read. The first class of girls are far away ahead of the boys, and know a very great deal. These same girls used to sing very nicely, but they have got into the most disagreeable drawl, and so far from following a leader, they take the bit between their teeth, and sing as fancy dictates. This I shall try and remedy before I leave again. We have now a harmonium for our services, thanks to the very great kindness of my friend and benefactress in England, Miss Mount, who is far more beneficent than I at all deserve. The two Arthurs play very fairly well, but Arthur Huqe is organist at present. After school I had visitors from Golvanua, a populous district some ten or twelve miles from here. They are very peculiar people and very wild, I am sorry to say I have only been there once, and that only a flying visit. I told them I was coming again soon, and they seemed pleased. I gave the head man some tobacco, and he said when I came to their place he would give me food and take care of me. Our people here are rather terrified of them, and the distance is so great that very few have ever been there. There were two nice little boys with them, and I asked them if they were not tired, but they scouted the idea.

I was so busy all day that I did not get away from home, and things begin to be a bit more ship-shape. I begin to feel very comfortable in my new house, but I dare say if my friends saw me, they would fancy it was far from comfort. However, I have a continual feast in a contented mind. In the evening, instead of school, we had singing, into which I endeavoured to infuse some life and harmony, and partially succeeded, but not to my taste quite yet. Then in the evening I held a teacher's class, and we had much profitable conversation.

We heard this evening the reports of two big guns in the direction of the watering place, so it is conjectured that a vessel is at anchor there. However it was too late to go and see.

After a short interval devoted to breakfast, we had Mattins, and after this a short service and an address for the teachers. We had a very few strangers present to-day, but all our own people turned up. We did away with the great midday feast to-day for the first time for many years, but some of the women cooked a large quantity of food which was distributed to the boys in the usual way. This food business had become too laborious, and too much the chief part of the day, so that I fancied a relaxation for a time would be beneficial.

Patrick went to Mandurvat to take service there, but I stayed at Tanrig. At six different stations, school and service have been held and the day duly observed.

Evensong was a pleasant service here, and the church looked very nice lit up with the new lamps. The strains of the harmonium too, gave an additional pathos and homeliness to the occasion. I gave an address on the Gospel for 5th Sunday after Trinity, which I think was understood and appreciated. We had much singing afterwards and the public part of the day ended with the Blessing. May that blessing ever rest upon us here and elsewhere, and may we always endeavour to do all to God's glory.

There is no face I miss here more than that of James, a true and faithful friend to me, and I firmly believe, too, of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. Arthur tells me his death was perfectly peaceful and happy, and he desired at the last to depart and be with Christ which was far better. His two children followed him, and the three lie side by side in the quiet and rest of the grave. A reputed mother, but one who is really an aunt, Amina, takes charge of Agnes until Tilegi or some one else claims her as a bride, for in spite of her deformity I suppose she will not eschew marriage herself, or be allowed to remain in single blessedness by her friends, for here young ladies are not over plentiful, and to judge by the appearance of some already married there is no accounting for taste among the men of the place. Elizabeth, the wife of James, has found solace in another partner, but she spoke of her former husband with a due amount of grief and tears, and said to me, pointing in the direction of his grave, "He lies asleep over there."

Yet there are here those who are 'widows indeed,' and good old Dorcas is one such. This old lady well deserves her name, for she is full of alms deeds, and kindness to all, and I firmly believe is a true follower of Jesus Christ. She lives alone with a little grandchild in her own hut and trains up dutifully the child in the way she should go. Very seldom is old Dorcas away from her seat in church, and she exercises a benign and gentle influence over her own sex in the village. Anna, another good old widow, has died in my absence, and the loss of such is much felt. Among the younger women there is a perfect colony of children, and this is most thankworthy as being a proof that infanticide has been quite stamped out, and formerly it seemed to be a sort of religious duty here. Children were looked upon as being uncanny as well as a nuisance, and if the mother did not kill her offspring herself, she found plenty of aiders and abettors in the old midwives who attended her. The father seemed utterly impotent to prevent the evil. Now the fathers have turned head nurses and are abundantly proud of their children.

This morning after Prayers and school I walked down to the river side at Rarava, whither almost the entire population had preceded me, and where I lit upon a busy scene. It was a most resplendent day, but the overhanging branches of the wide spreading foliage lent a charm and grateful shade to the occasion. The men were engaged in digging the 'taro' roots, from their irrigated beds, and the women busy washing and preparing them for culinary purposes. The ladies here, present no exception to a proverbial excess in the use of the 'unruly member' as the especially noticeable characteristic of the gentler sex in more favoured parts of the world, and a Babel-like clatter of tongues formed a striking accompaniment to the quietness and order of the work in hand. The taro beds of course are mud, pure and simple, and the taro when dug is a very dirty vegetable, it is covered over besides with long tenacious feelers for roots, and these are picked off with the fingers in the most skilled and practised manner much after the fashion of plucking and preparing a bird for table. When the cleaning and plucking process is perfected, the long stalks are collected to a head and tied up in convenient bundles with one of their own parts in the most ingenious and knowing manner. Two bundles are then arranged on one long pole, and carried by one bearer on the shoulder, one bundle before and another behind their backs. The weight is considerable, but here the burden is borne by the men, the women carry the broad leaves and other concomitants of native cookery. Beyond the cackle there was very much merriment which all seemed in accord with the dancing sparkling waters of the clear flowing river. The prospect around was most beautiful and although not extensive the landscape was most bewitching, and the eye was never tired with seeing.

These natives have great natural taste, which is displayed to a far greater degree in the arrangement and beautifying of their yam and taro gardens here, than in any other island I have seen.

The broad, handsome evergreen taro leaf spreads its verdure right and left, and all around, amid the friendship of the gay-leaved croton, the majestic dracaena, and the vari-coloured hibiscus, while here and there, to vary the prospect, the graceful cocoanut lends the beauty and elegance of its chastely spreading branches; all this beauty is thrown into relief by a back ground of the most marvellously beautiful bush, which shuts it in as with a natural fence, and leaves the only wish and feeling with the observer just to get for a moment a peep of what lies beyond. Breaks here and there however, in the background, revealed distant hills clad to their very summits with a richness and profusion of vegetation such as always abounds in these lovely islands where 'every prospect pleases.' I could select so many subjects for pictures here as almost to finish up all my dry plates, my only hope is that I may meet with some measure of success when by and bye I try my hand at photography. A header into the cool waters and a swim up and down stream was very refreshing. The boys enlivened the scene by their merriment and gambolling in the water, and altogether it was an occasion of much delight, and not the less so to me when I considered that all these people, almost without exception, had passed before through the healing waters of Holy Baptism. As possessing so much of the element, it is perhaps only natural that these people should love the water, and bathe a great deal more than their appearance would give one reason to suspect. The boys, and more especially, I think, the girls, are very fond of the water, and never seem tired of bathing when near the river-side. 'Tanrig' is distant about two miles from the river, and this distance, although inconvenient for many reasons, is very convenient for others, and especially because of the mosquitos which abound in the neighbourhood. Here some times they are bad enough, but by the water-side they are, I believe, unbearable. I know I find them troublesome enough there by day, and I don't care to experience the worry and misery of them by night. They are called here 'namu,' and are said to be particularly troublesome at a certain period in the growth and maturity of the yam.

Any one who has not lived in a tropical country can have very little conception of the discomfort and worry of these little maddening tormentors. Yet there are others whose attacks produce more serious consequences, and an illustration was afforded this evening. "Kate Tevano" was coming across to my house, and when almost at my door she gave a scream of terror and retired at once back again. I rushed out to learn the cause, and found she had been bitten by a centipede in the toe. The blood was just oozing out, and there were the distinct marks of his two fangs. In about ten minutes she was in great agony, and in the course of the evening her foot swelled and the pain was most terrible, and she couldn't bear anything near it. Poor child, I left her in floods of bitter tears before going to bed, and she expected to be in pain all night long. The natives have some antidote for it, and the women were applying that all the evening. I confess that I did not know myself what to do, except to bathe it with hot water. There was a great hunt for the venomous little reptile, but of course he had made himself scarce. How he got on her foot, and why he bit her, no one knows, but there are multitudes of the creatures here, and perhaps the mystery is that people are not more often bitten. They have scorpions too here whose bite is very venomous, but one doesn't often hear of their biting. There is a very large ant here called the 'gandee' to which I have a great aversion, and its bite is very sharp. Snakes here are not venomous, but the people have an instinctive dread of them, but they do not trouble us much. There is a hideous creature which lives in the thatch of the houses, an ugly toad-like lizard, with large red prominent eyes, which has such a tenacity of grasp with its feet that it sometimes even sticks so tight to the person it attacks as to take away the very skin in its grasp. Indeed, to me there are many strange and uncanny creatures in these islands to which I give as wide a berth as possible. Even in putting on your clothes you may find that a scorpion or centipede have taken up their quarters, in your hat you may find another monster, while most likely your shoes will be the tenement of some hideous reptile. Use and experience cannot rid one of a shudder when one thinks what may be, and yet if one is always anticipating these evils one's very life becomes a burden.

A nasty lizard such as I have before mentioned was shortly after discovered in the thatch of my house just over my head, and captured after an exciting hunt. One creeps when these creatures are brought so near one, and is thankful for daily protection from them.

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