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INTRODUCTION 5

PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION 7

HISTORY OF THE STUDY OF ALCOHOL.

Discovery of distillation--First American investigator of effects of alcohol--Medical Declarations--Sir B. W. Richardson's researches--Scientific Temperance Instruction in American Schools--Committee of Fifty 9

THE WOMAN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION IN OPPOSITION TO ALCOHOL AS MEDICINE.

How the Opposition began--Memorial to International Medical Congress--Origin of Medical Temperance Department--Objects of the department--Public agitation against patent medicines originated by the department--Laws of Georgia, Alabama and Kansas on Medical prescription of alcohol 21

ALCOHOL AS A PRODUCER OF DISEASE.

Alcohol a poison--Sudden deaths from brandy--Changes in liver, kidneys, heart, blood-vessels and nerves caused by alcohol--Beer and wine as harmful as the stronger drinks--Alcohol causes indigestion--Other diseases caused by alcohol--Deaths from alcoholism in Switzerland 28

TEMPERANCE HOSPITALS.

The London Temperance Hospital--Methods of treatment--The Frances E. Willard Temperance Hospital, Chicago--"As a beverage" in the pledge--Address by Miss Frances E. Willard at opening of hospital--The Red Cross Hospital--Clara Barton and non-alcoholic medication--Reports of treatment in Red Cross Hospital--Use of Alcohol declining in other hospitals 37

THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL UPON THE HUMAN BODY.

The body composed of cells--Effect of alcohol on cells--Alcohol and Digestion--Effects on the blood--The heart--The liver--The kidneys--Incipient Bright's disease recovered from by total abstinence--Retards oxidation and elimination of waste matters--Lengthens duration of sickness and increases mortality 58

ALCOHOL AS MEDICINE.

Medical use of alcohol a bulwark of the liquor traffic--Alcohol not a Food--Alcohol reduces temperature--Food principle of grains and fruits destroyed by fermentation--Alcohol not a Stimulant--Experiments proving this--Alcohol not a tonic--Professor Atwater on Alcohol as Food 96

ALCOHOL IN PHARMACY.

Strong tinctures rouse desire for drink in reformed inebriates--Glycerine and acetic acid to preserve drugs--Non-alcohol tinctures in use at London Temperance Hospital--Sale of liquor in drug-stores condemned by pharmacists 131

DISEASES, AND THEIR TREATMENT WITHOUT ALCOHOL.

Alcoholic Craving--Anaemia--Apoplexy--Boils and Carbuncle--Catarrh--Hay-Fever--Colds--Colic--Cholera--Cholera Infantum--Consumption--Displacements--Debility--Diarrhoea-- Dysentery--Dyspepsia--Fainting--Fits--Flatulence--Headache-- Hemorrhage--Heart Disease--Heart Failure--Insomnia--La Grippe--Measles--Malaria--Neuralgia--Nausea--Pneumonia--Pain After Food--Snake-bite--Rheumatism--Spasms--Shock--Sudden Illness--Sunstroke--Typhoid Fever--Vomiting 140

ALCOHOL AND NURSING MOTHERS.

Beer not good for nursing mothers--Helpful diet--Opinions of medical men--Analysis of milk of a temperate woman--Of a drinking woman--Advice of Dr. James Edmunds, of the Lying-In Hospital, London--How to feed the baby--Case of a young mother who used beer--Nathan S. Davis on beer and gin 234

COMPARATIVE DEATH-RATES WITH AND WITHOUT THE USE OF ALCOHOL.

Fewer deaths in smallpox hospitals without alcohol--200 cases of scarlet fever without alcohol--Non-alcoholic treatment of fevers with less than 5 per cent. death-rate--Report of cases in English and Scotch hospitals--340 cases of typhus--London Lancet articles on typhoid--Mercy Hospital, Chicago--Death-rates in pneumonia and typhoid in large hospitals--Sir B. W. Richardson's report of practice 247

REASONS WHY ALCOHOL IS DANGEROUS AS MEDICINE.

Researches of Abbott--Vital Resistance lowered by alcohol--Experiments upon Urinary Toxicity--Effect of alcohol upon the guardian-cells of the body--Dr. Sims Woodhead on immunity--Del?arde's experiments at the Pasteur Institute--Dr. A. Pearce Gould on alcohol and cancer--Delirium in illness caused by alcohol 262

WHY DOCTORS STILL PRESCRIBE ALCOHOLICS.

Public often demand it--Lack of knowledge of true nature of alcohol--Alcohol given undeserved credit for recoveries--Use of alcohol results from custom--Education of the people in teachings of non-alcoholic physicians necessary--Prescription of alcohol a matter of routine--Two examples 291

ALCOHOLIC PROPRIETARY OR "PATENT" MEDICINES.

The Pure Food Law--The guarantee--Newspaper opposition to the law--Headache remedies--Fake testimonials--Dangers of soothing syrups and morphine cough syrups--Fraud orders issued by Post-Office Department--Internal Revenue Department and Patent Medicines--Proprietary "Foods" strongly alcoholic--Alcoholic Cod-Liver Oil preparations--Australia's Royal Commission on Patent Medicines--Committee on Pharmacy analyses--Malt extracts--Coca Wines--Advertising, the strength of the Nostrum business--An effectual remedy 299

DRUGGING.

Drugs do not cure disease--Nature cures--Opinions of drug medication of prominent physicians--La grippe caused by drug taking--Coal-tar drugs--Quinine--Sir Frederick Treves on disuse of drugs--People demand drugs of physicians--Mothers make drug victims of their children--Habit-producing drugs--Causes of drug-taking--How to be well 335

TESTIMONIES OF PHYSICIANS AGAINST ALCOHOLIC MEDICATION.

RECENT RESEARCHES UPON ALCOHOL.

Experiments of Laitinen--Resistance of blood-cells to disease lowered by alcohol--International Congress on Alcoholism, London, 1909--Alcohol and Immunity--Effect of Alcohol Drinking on Human Off-spring--Researches of Kraepelin and Aschaffenberg--Economic losses by reduced work through beer and wine drinking--Researches of Dr. Reid Hunt--Mice given alcohol killed by small doses of poison--Difference in effect of alcohol and starch foods--Chittenden on food theory of alcohol--Researches of Dr. S. P. Beebe--Liver impaired by alcohol--Dr. Winfield S. Hall's interpretation of the researches of Beebe and Hunt--Oxidation of alcohol by liver a protective action--Researches show that alcohol is a poison, not a food 392

MISCELLANEOUS.

Alcohol Baths--Beverages for the Sick--Tobacco and the Eyesight--Advertised "Cures" for Drunkenness--How to quit drinking--Dr. T. D. Crothers' remedy for drink crave--Alcohol and Children--Alcohol Tested--Beer-Drinking Injurious to Health--Drug Drinks--Special Directions for Women--Total Abstinence and Life Insurance--Opinions of Life Insurance Companies on drinkers as risks 410

INTRODUCTION.

This book is the outcome of many years of study. With the exception of a few quotations, none of the material has ever before appeared in any book. The writer has been indebted for years past to many of the physicians mentioned in the following pages for copies of pamphlets and magazines, and for newspaper articles, bearing upon the medical study of alcohol. Indeed, had it not been for the kindly counsels and hearty co-operation of physicians, she could never have accomplished all that was laid upon her to do as a state and national superintendent of Medical Temperance for the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. She is also under obligation for helps received from the secretaries of several State Boards of Health, and from eminent chemists and pharmacists.

The object of the book is to put into the hands of the people a statement of the views regarding the medical properties of alcohol held by those physicians who make little, or no use of this drug. In most cases their views are given in their own language, so that the book is, of necessity, largely a compilation.

It is hoped that while the laity may be glad to peruse these pages because of the very useful and interesting information to be obtained from them, the medical profession, also, may be pleased to find, in brief form, the teachings of some of their most distinguished brethren upon a question now frequently up for discussion in society meetings.

The writer does not presume to set forth her own opinions upon a question which is still a subject of dispute among the members of a learned profession; she simply culls from the writings of those members of that profession who, having made thorough examination of the claims of alcohol, have decided that this drug, as ordinarily used, is more harmful than beneficial, and that medical practice would be upon a higher plane, were it driven entirely from the pharmacopoeia.

PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION.

M. M. A.

ALCOHOL.

HISTORY OF THE STUDY OF ALCOHOL.

"It sloweth age, it strengtheneth youth, it helpeth digestion, it cutteth phlegme, it cureth the hydropsia, it healeth the strangurie, it pounces the stone, it expelleth gravel, it keepeth the head from whirling, the teeth from chattering, and the throat from rattling; it keepeth the weasen from stiffling, the stomach from wambling, and the heart from swelling; it keepeth the hands from shivering, the sinews from shrinking, the veins from crumbling, the bones from aching, and the marrow from soaking."

Being a medicine, which very rapidly creates a craving for itself, the demand for it became enormous, and, as time advanced, people began prescribing it for themselves, until its use both as medicine and beverage became almost general.

If the medical profession is responsible for the wide-spread belief that alcoholics are of service to mankind both as food and medicine, it should not be forgotten that it is to members of the same profession the world is indebted for the correction of these errors. All down through the centuries there have been physicians who doubted and opposed its claims to merit. It remained for the medical science of the latter half of the nineteenth century to clearly demonstrate with nicely adjusted chemical apparatus and appliances the wisdom of these doubts.

In 1854 Dr. Davis published one of the most remarkable of the numerous works which have come from his prolific pen; it was entitled, "A Lecture on the Effects of Alcoholic Drinks on the Human System, and the Duty of Medical Men in Relation Thereto." This lecture was delivered in Rush Medical College, Chicago, on Christmas, 1854. An appendix to the work contained a full account of the series of original experiments which the author had been conducting in relation to the effect of alcohol upon respiration and animal heat, and gave the same conclusions as those presented before the A. M. A. several years previously. These experiments laid the foundation for the scientific study of the physiological effects of alcohol; and their bearing upon the study of the temperance question can even yet scarcely be appreciated. They were the first experiments which showed conclusively that the effect of alcohol is not that of a stimulant, but the opposite.

In 1855 Prof. R. D. Mussey, of Vermont, read an able paper before the American Medical Association upon "The Effects of Alcohol in Health and Disease," in which he said, "So long as alcohol retains its place among sick patients, so long will there be drunkards."

In England as early as 1802, Dr. Beddoes pointed out the dangers attendant upon the social and medical use of intoxicating drinks, laying stress upon "The enfeebling power of small portions of wine regularly drunk." In 1829 Dr. John Cheyne, Physician General to the forces in Ireland said:--

"The benefits which have been supposed from their liberal use in medicine, and especially in those diseases which are vulgarly supposed to depend upon mere weakness, have invested these agents with attributes to which they have no claim, and hence, as we physicians no longer employ them as we were wont to do, we ought not to rest satisfied with the mere acknowledgment of error, but we ought also to make every retribution in our power for having so long upheld one of the most fatal delusions that ever took possession of the human mind."

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