Read Ebook: The History of Trade Unionism (Revised edition extended to 1920) by Webb Beatrice Webb Sidney

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FIRST PERIOD.

THE FOOTHOLD.

A Land Without a History--Origin of the American Indians--Their Semi-civilization--The Spanish Colonial System--The King Was Absolute Master--The Council of the Indies--The Hierarchy--Servitude of the Natives--Gold and Silver Mines--Spanish Wealth and Degeneracy-- Commercial Monopoly--Pernicious Effects of Spain's Colonial Policy --Spaniards Destroy a Huguenot Colony, 21

Queen Elizabeth and Sir Walter Raleigh--English Expedition to North Carolina--Failure of Attempts to Settle There--Virginia Dare--The Lost Colony--The Foundation of Jamestown--Captain John Smith--His Life Saved by Pocahontas--Rolfe Marries the Indian Princess--A Key to Early Colonial History--Women Imported to Virginia, 32

The French in Canada--Champlain Attacks the Iroquois--Quebec a Military Post--Weak Efforts at Colonization--Fur-traders and Missionaries--The Foundation of New France--The French King Claims from the Upper Lakes to the Sea--Slow Growth of the French Colonies--Mixing With the Savages--The "Coureurs de Bois," 41

Henry Hudson's Discovery--Block Winters on Manhattan Island--The Dutch Take Possession--The Iroquois Friendly--Immigration of the Walloons--Charter of Privileges and Exemptions--Patroons--Manufactures Forbidden--Slave Labor Introduced--New Sweden--New Netherlanders Want a Voice in the Government, 46

Landing of the Pilgrims--Their Abiding Faith in God's Goodness--The Agreement Signed on the Mayflower--A Winter of Hardship--The Indians Help the Settlers--Improved Conditions--The Colony Buys Its Freedom--Priscilla and John Alden--Their Romantic Courtship and Marriage, 52

The Puritan Immigration--Wealth and Learning Seek These Shores--Charter Restrictions Dead Letters--A Stubborn Struggle for Self-government-- Methods of Election--The Early Government an Oligarchy--The Charter of 1691--New Hampshire and Maine--The New Haven Theocracy--Hartford's Constitution--The United Colonies--The Clergy and Politics--Every Election Sermon a Declaration of Independence, 57

Puritans and Education--Provision for Public Schools--Puritan Sincerity--Effect of Intolerance on the Community--Quakers Harshly Persecuted--The Salem Witchcraft Tragedy--History of the Delusion-- Rebecca Nourse and Other Victims--The People Come to their Senses-- Cotton Mather Obdurate to the Last--Puritan Morals--Comer's Diary-- Rhode Island in Colonial Times, 68

New England Prospering--Outbreak of King Philip's War--Causes of the War--White or Indian Had to Go--Philip on the War-path--Settlements Laid in Ashes--The Attack on Hadley--The Great Swamp Fight--Philip Renews the War More Fiercely Than Before--His Allies Desert Him-- Betrayed and Killed--The Indians Crushed in New England, 77

Growth of New Netherland--Governor Stuyvesant's Despotic Rule--His Comments on Popular Election--New Amsterdam Becomes New York--The Planting of Maryland--Partial Freedom of Conscience--Civil War in Maryland--The Carolinas--Settlement of North and South Carolina--The Bacon Rebellion in Virginia--Governor Berkeley's Vengeance, 82

The Colony of New York--New Jersey Given Away to Favorites--Charter of Liberties and Franchises--The Dongan Charter--Beginnings of New York City Government--King James Driven From Power--Leisler Leads a Popular Movement--The Aristocratic Element Gains the Upper Hand--Jacob Leisler and Milborne Executed--Struggle For Liberty Continues, 90

William Penn's Model Colony--Sketch of the Founder of Pennsylvania-- Comparative Humanity of Quaker Laws--Modified Freedom of Religion-- An Early Liquor Law--Offences Against Morality Severely Punished-- White Servitude--Debtors Sold Into Bondage--Georgia Founded as an Asylum for Debtors--Oglethorpe Repulses the Spaniards--Georgia a Royal Province, 95

SECOND PERIOD.

THE STRUGGLE FOR EMPIRE.

Struggle for Empire in North America--The Vast Region Called Louisiana-- War Between England and France--New England Militia Besiege Quebec-- Frontenac Strikes the Iroquois--The Capture of Louisburg--The Forks of the Ohio--George Washington's Mission to the French--Braddock's Defeat--Washington Prevents Utter Disaster--Barbarous Treatment of Prisoners, 103

Expulsion of the Acadians--A Cruel Deportation--The Marquis De Montcalm--The Fort William Henry Massacre--Defeat of Abercrombie-- William Pitt Prosecutes the War Vigorously--Fort Duquesne Reduced-- Louisburg Again Captured--Wolfe Attacks Quebec--Battle of the Plains of Abraham--Wolfe and Montcalm Mortally Wounded--Quebec Surrenders--New France a Dream of the Past--Pontiac's War, 108

THIRD PERIOD.

THE REVOLUTION.

Causes of the Revolution--The Act of Navigation--Acts of Trade--Odious Customs Laws--English Jealousy of New England--Effect of Restrictions on Colonial Trade--Du Chatelet Foresees Rebellion and Independence--The Revolution a Struggle for More Than Political Freedom, 115

Writs of Assistance Issued--Excitement in Boston--The Stamp Act--Protests against Taxation Without Representation--Massachusetts Appoints a Committee of Correspondence--Samuel Adams and Patrick Henry--Henry's Celebrated Resolutions--His Warning to King George--Growing Agitation in the Colonies--The Stamp Act Repealed--Parliament Levies Duties on Tea and Other Imports to America--Lord North's Choice of Infamy--Measures of Resistance in America--The Massachusetts Circular Letter--British Troops in Boston--The Boston Massacre--Burning of the Gaspee--North Carolina "Regulators"--The Boston Tea Party--The Boston Port Bill--The First Continental Congress--A Declaration of Rights--"Give Me Liberty, or Give Me Death!" 122

The Battle of Lexington--The War of the Revolution Begun--Fort Ticonderoga Taken--Second Continental Congress--George Washington Appointed Commander-in-Chief--Battle of Bunker Hill--Last Appeal to King George--The King Hires Hessian Mercenaries--The Americans Invade Canada--General Montgomery Killed--General Howe Evacuates Boston--North Carolina Tories Routed at Moore's Creek Bridge--The Declaration of Independence--The British Move on New York--Battle at Brooklyn--Howe Occupies New York City--General Charles Lee Fails to Support Washington--Lee Captured--Washington's Victory at Trenton--The Marquis De Lafayette Arrives, 133

Sir John Burgoyne's Campaign--His Bombastic Proclamation--The Tragic Story of Jane McCrea--Her Name a Rallying Cry--Washington Prevents Howe From Aiding Burgoyne--The Battle of Brandywine--Burgoyne Routed at Saratoga--He Surrenders, With All His Army--Articles of Confederation Submitted to the Several States--Effect of the Surrender of Burgoyne-- Franklin the Washington of Diplomacy--Attitude of France--France Concludes to Assist the United States--Treaties of Commerce and Alliance--King George Prepares for War with France--The Winter at Valley Forge--Conspiracy to Depose Washington Defeated--General Howe Superseded by Sir Henry Clinton--The Battle of Monmouth--General Charles Lee's Treachery--Awful Massacre of Settlers in the Wyoming Valley-- General Sullivan Defeats the Six Nations--Brilliant Campaign of George Rogers Clark--Failure of the Attempt to Drive the British from Rhode Island, 143

The British Move Upon the South--Spain Accedes to the Alliance Against England--Secret Convention Between France and Spain--Capture of Stony Point--John Paul Jones--The Bon Homme Richard and the Serapis--A Thrilling Naval Combat--Wretched Condition of American Finances-- Franklin's Heavy Burden--The Treason of Benedict Arnold--Capture of Andr?--Escape of Arnold--Andr? Executed as a Spy--Sir Henry Clinton Captures Charleston, General Lincoln and His Army--Lord Cornwallis Left in Command in the South--The British Defeat Gates Near Camden, South Carolina--General Nathanael Greene Conducts a Stubborn Campaign Against Cornwallis--The Latter Retreats Into Virginia--Siege of Yorktown--Cornwallis Surrenders--"Oh, God; it is All Over!" 155

FOURTH PERIOD.

UNION.

Condition of the United States at the Close of the Revolution--New England Injured and New York Benefited Commercially by the Struggle-- Luxury of City Life--Americans an Agricultural People--The Farmer's Home--Difficulty of Traveling--Contrast Between North and South-- Southern Aristocracy--Northern Great Families--White Servitude--The Western Frontier--Early Settlers West of the Mountains--A Hardy Population--Disappearance of the Colonial French--The Ordinance of 1787--Flood of Emigration Beyond the Ohio, 167

The Spirit of Disunion--Shays' Rebellion--A National Government Necessary--Adoption of the Constitution--Tariff and Internal Revenue--The Whiskey Insurrection--President Washington Calls Out the Military--Insurgents Surrender--"The Dreadful Night"--Hamilton's Inquisition, 174

INDEPENDENCE VINDICATED.

John Adams President--Jefferson and the French Revolution--The French Directory--Money Demanded From America--"Millions for Defence; Not One Penny for Tribute"--Naval Warfare with France--Capture of The Insurgent --Defeat of The Vengeance--Peace With France--Death of Washington-- Alien and Sedition Laws--Jefferson President--The Louisiana Purchase-- Burr's Alleged Treason--War with the Barbary States--England Behind the Pirates--Heroic Naval Exploits--Carrying War Into Africa--Peace With Honor, 191

French Decrees and British Orders in Council--Damage to American Commerce--The Embargo--Causes of the War of 1812--The Chesapeake and The Leopard--President and Little Belt--War Declared--Mr. Astor's Messenger --The Two Navies Compared--American Frigate Victories--Constitution and Guerriere--United States and Macedonian--Constitution and Java-- American Sloop Victories--The Shannon and Chesapeake--"Don't Give Up the Ship!" 200

The War on Land--Tecumseh's Indian Confederacy--Harrison at Tippecanoe-- General Hull and General Brock--A Fatal Armistice--Surrender of Detroit --English Masters of Michigan--General Harrison Takes Command in the Northwest--Harrison's Answer to Proctor--"He Will Never Have This Post Surrendered"--Croghan's Brave Defence--The British Retreat--War on the Niagara Frontier--Battle of Queenstown--Death of Brock--Colonel Winfield Scott and the English Doctrine of Perpetual Allegiance, 209

Battle of Lake Erie--Master-Commandant Oliver Hazard Perry--Building a Fleet--Perry on the Lake--A Duel of Long Guns--Fearful Slaughter on the Lawrence--"Can Any of the Wounded Pull a Rope?"--At Close Quarters-- Victory in Fifteen Minutes--"We Have Met the Enemy and They Are Ours"-- The Father of Chicago Sees the End of the Battle--The British Evacuate Detroit--General Harrison's Victory at the Thames--Tecumseh Slain--The Struggle in the Southwest--Andrew Jackson in Command--Battle of Horseshoe Bend--The Essex in the Pacific--Defeat and Victory on the Ocean--Captain Porter's Brave Defence--Burning of Newark--Massacre at Fort Niagara-- Chippewa and Lundy's Lane--Devastation by the British Fleet--British Vandalism at Washington--Attempt on Baltimore--"The Star Spangled Banner" 216

British Designs on the Southwest--New Orleans as a City of Refuge--The Baratarians--The Pirates Reject British Advances--General Jackson Storms Pensacola--Captain Reid's Splendid Fight at Fayal--Edward Livingston Advises Jackson--Cotton Bales for Redoubts--The British Invasion--Jackson Attacks the British at Villere's--The Opposing Armies--General Pakenham Attempts to Carry Jackson's Lines by Storm--The British Charge--They are Defeated with Frightful Slaughter--Pakenham Killed--Last Naval Engagement --The President-Endymion Fight--Peace--England Deserts the Indians as She Had Deserted the Tories--Decatur Chastises the Algerians, 225

SOUTH AMERICA FREE.

England and Spanish America--A Significant Declaration--The Key to England's Policy in South America--Alexander Hamilton and the South Americans--President Adams' Grandson a Filibuster--Origin of the Revolutions in South America--Colonial Zeal for Spain--Colonists Driven to Fight for Independence--A War of Extermination--Patriot Leaders--The British Assist the Revolutionists--American Caution and Reserve--The Monroe Doctrine--Why England Championed the Spanish-American Republics --A Free Field Desired for British Trade--The Holy Alliance--Secretary Canning and President Monroe--The Monroe Declaration Not British, But American, 233

PROGRESS.

The United States Taking the Lead in Civilization--Manhood Suffrage and Freedom of Worship--Humane Criminal Laws--Progress the Genius of the Nation--A Patriotic Report--State Builders in the Northwest--Illinois and the Union--Immigration--British Jealousy--An English Farmer's Opinion of America--Commerce and Manufactures--England Tries to Prevent Skilled Artisans From Emigrating--The Beginning of Protection--The British Turn on their Friends the Algerians--General Jackson Invades Florida--Spain Sells Florida to the United States, 246

The Missouri Compromise--Erie Canal Opened--Political Parties and Great National Issues--President Jackson Crushes the United States Bank--South Carolina Pronounces the Tariff Law Void--Jackson's Energetic Action--A Compromise--Territory Reserved for the Indians--The Seminole War-- Osceola's Vengeance--His Capture and Death--The Black Hawk War--Abraham Lincoln a Volunteer--Texas War for Independence--Massacre of the Alamo --Mexican Defeat at San Jacinto--The Mexican President a Captive--Texas Admitted to the Union--Oregon--American Statesmen Blinded by the Hudson Bay Company--Marcus Whitman's Ride--Oregon Saved to the Union--The "Dorr War," 253

War With Mexico--General Zachary Taylor Defeats the Mexicans--Buena Vista--Mexicans Four to One--"A Little More Grape, Captain Bragg!"-- Glorious American Victory--General Scott's Splendid Campaign--A Series of Victories--Cerro Gordo--Contreras--Churubusco--Molino del Rey--Chapultepec--Stars and Stripes Float in the City of Mexico-- Generous Treatment of the Vanquished--Peace--Cession of Vast Territory to the United States--The Gadsden Purchase, 264

The Union in 1850--Comparative Population of Cities and Rural Districts --Agriculture the General Occupation--Commercial and Industrial Development--Growth of New York and Chicago--The Southern States-- Importance of the Cotton Crop--Why the South Was Sensitive to Anti-Slavery Agitation--Manufactures--Religion and Education--The Cloud on the Horizon, 272

THE SLAVERY CONFLICT.

Aggressiveness of Slavery--The Cotton States and Border States--The Fugitive Slave Law--Nullified in the North--Negroes Imported from Africa--The Struggle in Kansas--John Brown--Abraham Lincoln Pleads for Human Rights--Treason in Buchanan's Cabinet--Citizens Stop Guns at Pittsburg--Conditions at the Beginning of the Struggle--Southern Advantages--The Soldiers of Both Armies Compared--Conscription in the Confederacy--Southern Resources Limited--The North at a Disadvantage at First, but Its Resources Inexhaustible--Conscription in the North-- Popular Support of the War--Unfriendliness of Great Britain and France--Why They Did Not Interfere, 277

The Confederate Government Organized--Fort Sumter--President Lincoln Calls for 75,000 Men--Command of the Union Forces Offered to Robert E. Lee--Lee Joins the Confederacy--Missouri Saved to the Union--Battle of Bull Run--Union Successes in the West--General Grant Captures Fort Donelson--"I Have No Terms But Unconditional Surrender"--The Monitor and Merrimac Fight--Its World-wide Effect--Grant Victorious at Shiloh --Union Naval Victory Near Memphis--That City Captured--General McClellan's Tactics--He Retreats from Victory at Malvern Hill--Second Bull Run Defeat--Great Battle of Antietam--Lee Repulsed, but Not Pursued--McClellan Superseded by Burnside--Union Defeat at Fredericksburg --Union Victories in the West--Bragg Defeated by Rosecrans at Stone River--The Emancipation Proclamation, 287

General Grant Invests Vicksburg--The Confederate Garrison--Scenes in the Beleaguered City--The Surrender--Hooker Defeated at Chancellorsville-- Death of "Stonewall" Jackson--General Meade Takes Command of the Army of the Potomac--Lee Crosses the Potomac--The Battle of Gettysburg--The First Two Days--The Third Day--Pickett's Charge--A Thrilling Spectacle --The Harvest of Death--Lee Defeated--General Thomas, "The Rock of Chickamauga"--"This Position Must Be Held Till Night"--General Grant Defeats Bragg at Chattanooga--The Decisive Battle of the West, 295

Grant Appointed Lieutenant-General--Takes Command in Virginia--Battles of the Wilderness--The Two Armies--Battle of Cedar Creek--Sheridan's Ride--He Turns Defeat Into Victory--Confederate Disasters on Land and Sea--Farragut at Mobile--Last Naval Battle of the War--Sherman Enters Atlanta--Lincoln's Re-election--Sherman's March to the Sea--Sherman Captures Savannah--Thomas Defeats Hood at Nashville--Fort Fisher Taken--Lee Appointed General-in-Chief--Confederate Defeat at Five Forks--Lee's Surrender--Johnston's Surrender--End of the War--The South Prostrate--A Resistance Unparalleled in History--The Blots on the Confederacy--Cruel Treatment of Union Men and Prisoners--Murder of Abraham Lincoln--The South Since the War, 301

THIRTY YEARS OF PEACE.

Reconstruction in the South--The Congress and the President--Liberal Republican Movement--Nomination, Defeat and Death of Greeley--Troops Withdrawn by President Hayes--Foreign Policy of the Past Thirty Years--French Ordered from Mexico--Last Days of Maximilian--Russian America Bought--The Geneva Arbitration--Alabama Claims Paid--The Northwest Boundary--The Fisheries--Spain and The Virginius--The Custer Massacre--United States of Brazil Established--President Harrison and Chile--Venezuela--American Prestige in South America--Hawaii--Behring Sea--Garfield, the Martyr of Civil Service Reform--Labor Troubles-- Railway Riots of 1877 and 1894--Great Calamities--The Chicago Fire, Boston Fire, Charleston Earthquake, Johnstown Flood, 308

The American Republic the Most Powerful of Nations--Military and Naval Strength--Railways and Waterways--Industry and Art--Manufactures--The New South--Foreign and Domestic Commerce--An Age of Invention--Americans a Nation of Readers--The Clergy--Pulpit and Press--Religion and Higher Education--The Currency Question--Leading Candidates for the Presidency --A Sectional Contest Deplorable--What Shall the Harvest Be? 322

THE AMERICAN PEOPLE.

No Classes Here--All Are Workers--Enormous Growth of Cities--Immigration --Civic Misgovernment--The Farming Population--Individuality and Self-reliance--Isolation Even in the Grave--The West--The South--The Negro--Little Reason to Fear for Our Country--American Reverence for Established Institutions, 327

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