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Introduction--the Importance of the Steam-Engine, 1; Hero and his Treatise on Pneumatics, 4; Hero's Engines, B. C. 200, 8; William of Malmesbury on Steam, A. D. 1150, 10; Hieronymus Cardan on Steam and the Vacuum, 10; Malthesius on the Power of Steam, A. D. 1571, 10; Jacob Besson on the Generation of Steam, A. D. 1578, 11; Ramelli's Work on Machines, A. D. 1588, 11; Leonardo da Vinci on the Steam-Gun, 12; Blasco de Garay's Steamer, A. D. 1543, 12; Battista della Porta's Steam-Engine, A. D. 1601, 13; Florence Rivault on the Force of Steam, A. D. 1608, 15; Solomon de Caus's Apparatus, A. D. 1615, 16; Giovanni Branca's Steam-Engine, A. D. 1629, 16; David Ramseye's Inventions, A. D. 1630, 17; Bishop John Wilkins's Schemes, A. D. 1648, 18; Kircher's Apparatus, 19.
Edward Somerset, Marquis of Worcester, A. D. 1663, 19; Worcester's Steam Pumping-Engines, 21; Jean Hautefeuille's Alcohol and Gunpowder Engines, A. D. 1678, 24; Huyghens's Gunpowder-Engine, A. D. 1680, 25; Invention in Great Britain, 26; Sir Samuel Morland, A. D. 1683, 27; Thomas Savery and his Engine, A. D. 1698, 31; Desaguliers's Savery Engines, A. D. 1718, 41; Denys Papin and his Work, A. D. 1675, 45; Papin's Engines, A. D. 1685-1695, 50; Papin's Steam-Boilers, 51.
THE STEAM-ENGINE AS A TRAIN OF MECHANISM.
THE MODERN TYPE AS DEVELOPED BY NEWCOMEN, BEIGHTON, AND SMEATON 55
Defects of the Savery Engine, 55; Thomas Newcomen, A. D. 1705, 57; the Newcomen Steam Pumping-Engine, 59; Advantages of Newcomen's Engine, 60; Potter's and Beighton's Improvements, A. D. 1713-'18, 61; Smeaton's Newcomen Engines, A. D. 1775, 64; Operation of the Newcomen Engine, 65; Power and Economy of the Engine, 69; Introduction of the Newcomen Engine, 70.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODERN STEAM-ENGINE. JAMES WATT AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES.
James Watt, his Birth and Parentage, 79; his Standing in School, 81; he learns his Trade in London, 81; Return to Scotland and Settlement in Glasgow, 82; the Newcomen Engine Model, 83; Discovery of Latent Heat, 84; Sources of Loss in the Newcomen Engine, 85; Facts experimentally determined by Watt, 86; Invention of the Separate Condenser, 87; the Steam-Jacket and other Improvements, 90; Connection with Dr. Roebuck, 91; Watt meets Boulton, 93; Matthew Boulton, 93; Boulton's Establishment at Soho, 95; the Partnership of Boulton and Watt, 97; the Kinneil Engine, 97; Watt's Patent of 1769, 98; Work of Boulton and Watt, 101; the Rotative Engine, 103; the Patent of 1781, 104; the Expansion of Steam--its Economy, 105; the Double-Acting Engine, 110; the "Compound" Engine, 110; the Steam-Hammer, 111; Parallel Motions, the Counter, 112; the Throttle-Valve and Governor, 114; Steam, Vacuum, and Water Gauges, 116; Boulton & Watt's Mill-Engine, 118; the Albion Mill and its Engine, 119; the Steam-Engine Indicator, 123; Watt in Social Life, 125; Discovery of the Composition of Water, 126; Death of James Watt, 128; Memorials and Souvenirs, 128.
William Murdoch and his Work, 132; Invention of Gas-Lighting, 134; Jonathan Hornblower and the Compound Engine, 135; Causes of the Failure of Hornblower, 137; William Bull and Richard Trevithick, 138; Edward Cartwright and his Engine, 140.
THE MODERN STEAM-ENGINE.
THE SECOND PERIOD OF APPLICATION--1800-1850--STEAM-LOCOMOTION ON RAILROADS 144
Introduction, 144; the Non-Condensing Engine and the Locomotive, 147; Newton's Locomotive, 1680, 149; Nathan Read's Steam-Carriage, 150; Cugnot's Steam-Carriage, 1769, 151; the Model Steam-Carriage of Watt and Murdoch, 1784, 153; Oliver Evans and his Plans, 1786, 153; Evans's Oruktor Amphibolis, 1804, 157; Richard Trevithick's Steam-Carriage, 1802, 159; Steam-Carriages of Griffiths and others, 160; Steam-Carriages of Goldsworthy Gurney, 1827, 161; Steam-Carriages of Walter Hancock, 1831, 165; Reports to the House of Commons, 1831, 170; the Introduction of the Railroad, 172; Richard Trevithick's Locomotives, 1804, 174; John Stevens and the Railroad, 1812, 178; William Hedley's Locomotives, 1812, 181; George Stephenson, 183; Stephenson's Killingworth Engine, 1813, 186; Stephenson's Second Locomotive, 1815, 187; Stephenson's Safety-Lamp, 1815, 187; Robert Stephenson & Co., 1824, 190; the Stockton & Darlington Engine, 1825, 191; the Liverpool & Manchester Railroad, 1826, 193; Trial of Competing Engines at Rainhill, 1829, 195; the Rocket and the Novelty, 198; Atmospheric Railways, 201; Character of George Stephenson, 204; the Locomotive of 1833, 204; Introduction of Railroads in Europe, 206; Introduction of Railroads in the United States, 207; John Stevens's Experimental Railroad, 1825, 207; Horatio Allen and the "Stourbridge Lion," 1829, 208; Peter Cooper's Engine, 1829, 209; E. L. Miller and the S. C. Railroad, 1830, 210; the "American" Type of Engine of John B. Jervis, 1832, 212; Robert L. Stevens and the T-rail, 1830, 214; Matthias W. Baldwin and his Engine, 1831, 215; Robert Stephenson on the Growth of the Locomotive, 220.
THE MODERN STEAM-ENGINE.
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