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OF VOLUME XLVI

Preface 13

Document of 1721-1739

Events in Filipinas, 1721-1739. Compiled from various authors, fully credited in text 31

Bibliographical Data 63

Appendix: Education in the Philippines

Dominican educational institutions, 1896-1897. 261

Report of religious schools, 1897. 265

Educational institutions of the Recollects. 268

Education since American occupation. Editorial, and compiled from various sources 364

Plan of Ceb? Cathedral; drawn by Juan de Siscarra, engineer, 1719; photographic facsimile of original MS. map in Archivo general de Indias, Sevilla Frontispiece Autograph signature of Joseph Torrubia, O.S.F.; from original manuscript in Archivo general de Indias, Sevilla 35 Title-page of Dissertacion historico-politita, by Joseph Torrubia ; photographic facsimile from copy in library of Harvard University 41 Map showing new route from Manila to Acapulco, presented to Governor Fernando Vald?s Tam?n by the pilot, Enrique Herm?n, 1730; photographic facsimile of original MS. map in Archivo general de Indias, Sevilla 49 Plan of infantry barracks in Manila; drawn by the military engineer, Thomas de Castro y Andrade, 1733; photographic facsimile from original manuscript in Archivo general de Indias, Sevilla 53

PREFACE Most of this volume consists of the educational appendix which is continued from the preceding volume. The only regular document presented shows the general history of the islands for the years 1721-1739 both politically and religiously. The greater interest in the volume centers about the appendix. For here we see the first systematic attempts at a universal education in the Philippines, the first real though rude awakening of the inert mass of a people to the facts of broader life by the government establishment of primary and normal schools. As might be expected the paternal element is chiefly discernible in the laws and regulations made by the government. The complexities of the educational question, a problem that Spain would have been many years in solving, are well shown by the two documents which give the friar side of the matter.

A brief summary of the principal events from 1721 to 1739 contains several matters of interest. The murder of Bustamante by a mob arouses much indignation at Madrid, but the attempts to ascertain and punish the guilty ones prove ineffectual, and the affair drops into oblivion. The islands are regularly harassed by the Moro pirates; punitive expeditions are sent against them, but these are often too late or too slow to accomplish any results. The coast villages are fortified, much of this being done by the priests in charge of the Indians. In 1733 the royal storehouses at Manila are destroyed by fire, causing great loss to the treasury. Two years later, a Dutch fleet demands satisfaction for the previous capture of a Dutch ship by a Spanish coastguard, but retires when the Spaniards pay the value of the prize. A controversy arises between the Recollects and Jesuits over certain missions in northern Mindanao, in which the Jesuits gain the upper hand. In 1737, one of the auditors makes an official visitation of several provinces in Luz?n, and reforms many abuses therein. During 1738-39, a controversy rages in Manila over the complaint made by the mestizos of Santa Cruz regarding unjust exactions imposed on them by the Jesuits; the decision of the Audiencia is against that order.

Julius Froebel--A hazardous project--A travelling Indian tribe--A hot march--Niquiran hospitality--"El Dorado"--A deserted village--The villagers' gold-mine--Froebel's reception--The baskets and their contents--A very ill-judged action--Flight--Froebel's wanderings--Ancient ruins--A new occupation for the wanderer--The Apaches--Firing on the Mexicans' camp--Pursuit through the darkness--An unexpected arrest 204

Mexican Boundary Commission--John Russell Bartlett--An ethnologist's hunting-ground--Panic among horses and teamsters--The cause--A remarkable sight--A bison-surround--Wanton carnage--Approach of the Missouris--The presents--The delicate part of the bison--Grave warnings--Breakdown of the waggon--The Apaches--"Mangus Colorado"--The attack on the inn--The Apaches put to flight 216

Gustav Ferdinand von Tempsky--A risky journey--A tropical thunderstorm--A warm reception for the travellers--Mistaken for Indians--The road to Durango--"They have burnt another village!"--Dr. Steel as leader--Von Tempsky's "capture"--The Mexican lancers--A scraggy army--Tracking the redskins-- Sudden appearance of three hundred Indians--Working with awkward tools--The fight--Reinforced by Yankees 239

The Algonquin family--Charles Richard Weld--A holiday tour in Southern Canada--A coach ride over the prairie--Indian bullies--Getting rid of them--A rattlesnake hunt--Extraordinary method of snake-killing--Ojibewa guides--Rapid-shooting without warning--English strangers--Major Strickland's farm--Ojibewas as indoor and outdoor servants--A great prong-buck hunt--Hunting methods of the Ojibewas--The battue 252

John Keast Lord--Across the Columbian Coast range--Disadvantage of an escort--Lord's best weapon of defence--"Held up" by Indians--Between danger and safety--The assailants become guides--Suspicions on both sides--A night at the Indian camp--The Canadian's discovery--Lord on his mettle--The escape--Indian notion of keeping an oath--Signalling--The gorge--The ambush--The truth 277

The Athapascan family--The Chippewyans--Rev. C. Colton--From New York to the Saskatchewan--A curious demonstration--Making ready for the Chippewyans--The steam-launch aground--Surrounded by the canoes--"Sturgeons!"--Making the Indians pay the piper--The Lake of the Woods--The Indian fur-traders' camp--Bargaining--Chippewyan "lodges"--Start of the canoe flotilla--Experiments--The strange river--Too late to turn--Rapids--An awful fate ahead--The canoemen's presence of mind--A way of escape--Scaling the ca?on--Towing 302

Indians of Uruguay--Thomas Woodbine Hinchcliff--A solitary walk--The mountain-forest--Lost--A very remarkable bull--Sudden appearance of Indian cattle-hunters--Lassoing--Breakfast with the Indians--Riding, under difficulties--A critical moment--Strange method of persuading a horse--Thirst--Help in sight, but running away--The Indian fellow-traveller--A surprise--Sticking up for the Indian--What the vice-consul had to say 316

Thomas Hutchinson, F.R.S.--In Santa F?--A fortunate meeting--The steam-launch--Up the Salado--The Gaucho farmstead--The Quite?o guide--His luggage--Warnings--Visit from the "man-eaters"--The parley from the boat--Feeding the savages--Their terror at sight of smoke--Fear of the Quite?o--Men who have sunk to monkey level--Fish-bone spears--A very indiscreet question--Getting rid of the savages--Other Indians--Ostrich-hunting--The Quite?o's contempt for the ox-waggon, and its remedy 328

A Startling Experience Frontispiece PAGE A Gallant Rescue 20 A Narrow Escape 40 A Plucky Rescue 52 A Bully Well Served 64 A Game at Ball 76 The Snow-shoe Dance of the Red Indians 92 A Fierce Retort 126 Almost a Tragedy 186 Red Indian Attack on a Store 198 A Bison Surround 220 Stocking the Larder 234 A Primitive System of Telegraphy 286 A Novel Bridal Ceremony 298 An Arduous Task 312 Crane Stalking-Masks 346

ADVENTURES AMONG RED INDIANS

CHEROKEE WARFARE

It has been said by certain historians that, after the American War of Independence, British agents were employed not only to poison the minds of those Siouan and Iroquoian tribes that dwelt on the United States side of the Boundary, but even to keep them supplied with rifles and ammunition.

Be that as it may, it is certainly a fact that, in 1793, the Cherokee and Seneca tribes of the Iroquois were not only at war with the Crows, Iowas, etc., of the rival Sioux faction, but were turning their mysteriously obtained rifles on the white people of the States; and the celebrated General Wayne was sent into Ohio with a strong force of cavalry and infantry to restore order. He pitched his camp near Fort Jefferson, on Lake Erie, and having driven away the insurgents, sent a hundred foot-soldiers, under Lieutenants Lowry and Boyd, across the lake to a fort near Detroit, to bring back by road three hundred horses and extra provisions, and, incidentally, to disarm any quarrelsome redskins they might meet with.

The return march was destined to be a very unpleasant one. Large and small bodies of the Indians whom Wayne had driven to the forests persistently harried the column, flank and rear, firing from behind rocks and among the trees, till, in a couple of days, the hundred men had become only seventy, and many of the horses had escaped or been stolen. At noon on the third day the men halted for dinner on a barren tract between a range of hills and a thick forest; and, in order to guard against a surprise, Lieutenant Boyd with twenty men was sent to patrol the woods while the rest ate their meal in comfort. Half an hour later, while Lieutenant Lowry was preparing to send another twenty men to relieve the scouts, the report of a gun, followed quickly by a dozen others, warned him that the day was not to be gone through without further trouble.

Every soldier caught up his rifle and made ready to defend the horses and stores which had been placed in the centre of the camp. Lowry called a couple of sergeants to him and pointed to the new patrol.

The little squad plunged into the wood and made for the scene of action, which could not be far away, judging by the distinctness of the voices. They arrived after a minute's quick double, and the sight that awaited them was not an encouraging one. Ten of their comrades were already dead or dying; the rest were fighting desperately against a score of Indians, most of whom were armed with rifles in addition to their bows and hatchets, while, leaning back against a tree, and doing his best to cheer on the survivors, sat Lieutenant Boyd, his shin-bone shattered by a bullet.

The new-comers fired a volley; several Indians fell, and the rest were speedily charged with fixed bayonets. Again came the horrible war-whoop, this time from a second batch of Indians who either had just arrived or had been in hiding, and these hastened to pour flight after flight of arrows into the rescuers from behind.

Young Munson, who was now fighting on the right wing of the little force, turned swiftly, and, firing off the charge which he had just rammed down, shot the foremost of the bowmen. But, even as he started to reload, he remembered his officer's command to return at once with news; in the hurry and excitement of the last few minutes he had forgotten all about it. He looked round for the quickest exit from the wood, and, in so doing, caught sight of Boyd who, faint with the loss of blood, had been feebly endeavouring to bandage his wound with a handkerchief. The sergeant threw one more glance back at the soldiers; many of them had already fallen before the Indian arrows, and the rest, paying no attention to their new assailants, were pursuing those who had guns. Then he turned again to the officer. To leave him here was to abandon him to death, perhaps by torture.

"Can you get on my back, sir? he said hurriedly. Quick; the redskins'll be on us in another minute. Here, give me a hold of your pistol; I must leave my rifle unless you can carry it for me."

But the officer had scarcely strength enough to enable him to stand. With difficulty Munson hauled him upright against the tree-trunk, snatched up the pistol in case he should need it on the perilous little journey which he was undertaking, and, hoisting Boyd on his back, darted among the trees out of sight of the approaching Indians. On every side of him shooting seemed to be going on; an arrow fell at his very feet, and the next moment a stray musket-ball flattened itself against the tree which he was passing. What he could not understand was that, the nearer he came with his burden to the camp, the louder and more frequent did the firing sound. Had his mates already driven the enemy into the open?

A few steps more and he would be out of the wood. But what was all this prancing and stamping? The horses could hardly have broken loose, for, since his recent losses, Lowry had had them tethered in batches whenever a halt of any length was made. The firing grew louder and faster than ever, and all doubt in his mind was ended when he heard the lieutenant's voice ordering the men to charge.

While the two bodies of Indians worked such fearful havoc among the patrols, a third and stronger party--fifty in number, and many of them mounted--had worked round to the open and were attacking the remainder of the company with tomahawks and spears. The horses, many of them already liberated by the savages, were plunging and screaming. Lowry, who had leapt on to the back of one of them, was cutting right and left with his sword at the mounted Indians, while his men, though they fought furiously, were retreating rather than charging, for these Cherokee redskins, unlike the timid, treacherous bullies of the southern and western tribes, knew no such thing as fear; moreover, in addition to their unquestioned bravery, they often displayed, in their warfare, an amount of forethought and method that would not have discredited a white regiment.

Naturally, Munson's first care was to get rid of his burden; and he resolutely turned his back on the fighting and made for the little tent that had been hastily rigged up for the two officers when the company halted. Depositing the wounded man here, he snatched up a rifle and hurried breathlessly back to take part in the fray, which was but a small part, for, all in a moment, a spear, thrown with terrific force, struck him in the shoulder and he dropped to the ground, striking his head on a boulder so violently that he lost consciousness.

When he recovered himself, some Indians were bending over him, and one of them asked him, by signs, if he could stand. He contrived to stagger to his feet; then, finding that his water-flask was still at his belt, took a long drink from it, for his lips and throat seemed as dry as the back of his hand.

"Well done, sergeant; bravo!" said someone behind him; and other voices echoed the sentiment. He turned his head dazedly, and gave a start of astonishment. Under a tree near him stood ten men of his company, some of them with heads or limbs roughly bandaged.

"What's up? he asked. What's happened, anyhow?"

One of the Indians here took him by the arm, led him over to the tree, and signified that he must take his stand with the rest; and now he could see that those of his comrades who were not wounded had their hands bound, and that every man had a lasso-like thong tied about his waist, the other end of which at present trailed loosely on the ground.

"Where's all the rest?"

"Dead, or else cut their lucky. Lowry, he's gone out, poor feller."

"How about Left'nant Boyd?"

"Guess he got clear after all. I seen two o' the boys gettin' him on to a saddle-horse. There's one thing, them as got away on horseback'll soon take the news to Wayne, so if these varmints don't tomahawk us or set light to us, I surmise he'll soon be along to rescue us.... What's their game now?"

Several mounted redskins were coming over to the prisoners, and after a few words with those who had been taking charge of them, made a sign to the Yankees that they must be prepared to march. The loose ends of the thongs that bound them were handed up to one or other of the horsemen, and they were soon being dragged forward at a brisk walking pace. Munson indicated that he could not walk far till his wound had received attention, whereupon, instead of treating him like the rest, the Indians lifted him on to a spare horse, fastened his ankles under the animal's belly, and one of the mounted Cherokees, seizing the bridle, rode on with his captive.

The procession turned at once into the thickest part of the forest, the horses stepping along so quickly, nevertheless, that those on foot could scarcely keep up with them. Although there was no visible track for them to follow, the redskins appeared to know quite well where they were going; they conversed very little among themselves, and Munson was riding too far away from his comrades to be able to communicate with them. As nearly as he could guess by the light, it must have been after five o'clock, and he had eaten nothing since midday. He signed to his companion that he was hungry, but the Indian merely shook his head. In about an hour from the time of starting the horses were stopped, a short conversation ensued among the riders, and then, to the sergeant's dismay, all moved on again, every one of the prisoners being taken in a different direction.

Presently a squaw brought a kind of meal cake, and, plunging a wooden fork into the pot, brought out a bird rather larger than a pigeon, which she laid on the cake and handed to the captive, the three Indians helping themselves in a similar manner. After a while, voices and the tramp of more horses became audible, and about fifty Indians, seemingly of the same tribe as those who had attacked the soldiers, marched or rode into the camp. Many of these must have been away on a hunting expedition, for they had with them a good supply of birds, deer, hares, and foxes.

Feeling considerably stronger and more hopeful after his meal, the American cast his eyes round in search of a way of escape. He was unbound, and might possibly succeed in crawling, inch by inch, down to the water-side; yet, with his shoulder in its present condition, he could neither swim nor--supposing he should have the luck to find a canoe--work a paddle; reason, moreover, suggested that a semi-permanent camp such as this appeared to be, would assuredly be far enough away from any white station or boat-route.

While he was still revolving plans, two redskins crossed over to him, made him stand, seized his arms and bound them securely, though not unmercifully, behind his back, and motioned to him to follow them. They conducted him towards the largest of the wigwams, outside which sat the chief of the tribe, solemnly smoking. After an interval of dead silence, that personage gave a little shout, and all the men in the camp collected round about the prisoner. A lengthy harangue followed, addressed partly to Munson, partly to the bystanders; and, at the close of this, one of the Indians drew a knife and whetted it on his moccasin.

Young Munson pulled himself together and endeavoured to take courage from the fact that, if death had now come, it had come while he was doing his duty; a man of his calling must expect to meet it any day of the week; indeed, how many of his old comrades-in-arms had met it within the last few hours? At least the savages should see that he could die like a man, without making a fuss.

The Indians nearest to him took him by the shoulders and forced him into a sitting posture, and the man with the knife walked slowly up to him and stood grinning over him. Then a horrible thought came to him; they were going to give him a punishment almost worse than death--to scalp him, in fact--an indignity which only a man who had lived all his life in the neighbourhood of Indians could fully appreciate. He wriggled himself free and, springing up again, kicked out fiercely at his tormentors. For this they seemed to care little; the man's hands were tied and he was at their mercy. He was forced down again and held motionless; then, while one man gripped him by the back of his neck so that he could not possibly move his head, the operator with the knife entered upon his task.

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