: The Origin of Vertebrates by Gaskell Walter Holbrook - Vertebrates

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PAGE INTRODUCTION 1

THE EVIDENCE OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Theories of the origin of vertebrates--Importance of the central nervous system--Evolution of tissues--Evidence of Palaeontology-- Reasons for choosing Ammocoetes rather than Amphioxus for the investigation of this problem--Importance of larval forms-- Comparison of the vertebrate and arthropod central nervous systems--Antagonism between cephalization and alimentation-- Life-history of lamprey, not a degenerate animal--Brain of Ammocoetes compared with brain of arthropod--Summary 8

THE EVIDENCE OF THE ORGANS OF VISION

Different kinds of eye--Simple and compound retinas--Upright and inverted retinas--Median eyes--Median or pineal eyes of Ammocoetes and their optic ganglia--Comparison with other median eyes--Lateral eyes of vertebrates compared with lateral eyes of crustaceans-- Peculiarities of the lateral eye of the lamprey--Meaning of the optic diverticula--Evolution of vertebrate eyes--Summary 68

THE EVIDENCE OF THE SKELETON

The bony and cartilaginous skeleton considered, not the notochord-- Nature of the earliest cartilaginous skeleton--The mesosomatic skeleton of Ammocoetes; its topographical arrangement, its structure, its origin in muco-cartilage--The prosomatic skeleton of Ammocoetes; the trabeculae and parachordals, their structure, their origin in white fibrous tissue--The mesosomatic skeleton of Limulus compared with that of Ammocoetes; similarity of position, of structure, of origin in muco-cartilage--The prosomatic skeleton of Limulus; the entosternite, or plastron, compared with the trabeculae of Ammocoetes; similarity of position, of structure, of origin in fibrous tissue--Summary 119

THE EVIDENCE OF THE RESPIRATORY APPARATUS

Branchiae considered as internal branchial appendages--Innervation of branchial segments--Cranial region older than spinal--Three-root system of cranial nerves: dorsal, lateral, ventral--Explanation of van Wijhe's segments--Lateral mixed root is appendage-nerve of invertebrate--The branchial chamber of Ammocoetes--The branchial unit, not a pouch but an appendage--The origin of the branchial musculature--The branchial circulation--The branchial heart of the vertebrate--Not homologous with the systemic heart of the arthropod-- Its formation from two longitudinal venous sinuses--Summary 148

THE EVIDENCE OF THE THYROID GLAND

The value of the appendage-unit in non-branchial segments--The double nature of the hyoid segment--Its branchial part--Its thyroid part-- The double nature of the opercular appendage--Its branchial part--Its genital part--Unique character of the thyroid gland of Ammocoetes-- Its structure--Its openings--The nature of the thyroid segment--The uterus of the scorpion--Its glands--Comparison with the thyroid gland of Ammocoetes--Cephalic generative glands of Limulus-- Interpretation of glandular tissue filling up the brain-case of Ammocoetes--Function of thyroid gland--Relation of thyroid gland to sexual functions--Summary 185

THE EVIDENCE OF THE OLFACTORY APPARATUS

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