: Cassell's History of England Vol. 4 (of 8) From the Fall of Marlborough to the Peninsular War by Anonymous - Great Britain History

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THE REIGN OF QUEEN ANNE . PAGE

PROGRESS OF THE NATION FROM THE REVOLUTION TO 1760.

The Church after the Revolution--The Non-Jurors--The Act of Toleration--Comprehension Bill--Laxity of Religion--The Wesleys and Whitefield--Foundation of Methodism--Extension of the Movement--Literature--Survivors of the Stuart Period--Prose Writers: Bishop Burnet--Philosophers: Locke--Bishop Berkeley, etc.--Novelists: Fielding, Richardson, Smollett, and Sterne--Dr. Davenant--Bentley--Swift--Addison--Addison and Steele--Bolingbroke--Daniel Defoe--Lady Mary Wortley Montagu--Poets: Pope--His Prose Writings--Gay, Prior, Young, etc.--James Thomson, Allan Ramsay, Gray, and Minor Lights--Dramatists--Physical Science: Astronomers--Mathematicians--Electricians--Chemists--Medical Discoverers--Music: Purcell--Italian Music--Handel--Church Music--The Academy of Ancient Music and other Societies--Architecture--Wren and his Buildings--St. Paul's--His Churches and Palaces--Vanbrugh--Gibbs--Hawksmoor--Minor Architects--Painting and Sculpture: Lely and Kneller--Other Foreign Painters and Decorators--Thornhill--Other English Artists--Hogarth and his Works--Exhibition of British Artists--Sculptors--Shipping, Colonies, Commerce, and Manufactures--Increase of Canals--Woollen and Silk Trades--Irish Linens--Lace--Iron, Copper, and other Industries--Increase of the large Towns 141

Gage attempts to seize American Arms--Skirmish at Lexington--Blockade of Boston--The Second Congress at Philadelphia--Washington chosen Commander-in-Chief--Fall of Ticonderoga and Crown Point--Washington at Boston--Battle of Bunker's Hill--The Olive Branch Petition--Condition of the American Army--Expedition against Canada--Capture of Montreal--Arnold's Expedition--His Junction with Montgomery--Failure of the Attack on Quebec--The Employment of German Mercenaries--Washington seizes Dorchester Heights--Evacuation of Boston--Howe retires to Halifax--The War in Canada--Thomas's Retreat--Sullivan evacuates Canada--The War in the South--Attack on Charleston--Paine's Pamphlet, "Common Sense"--New York and Virginia decide for Independence--Debate in Congress--Report of the Committee--Arbitrary Proceedings--The Declaration--Overtures to France--Arrival of Lord Howe--Position of Washington--Howe's Overtures--Battle of Brooklyn--Washington's Retreat--His Desperate Position--Howe receives a Deputation from Congress--Washington retires Step by Step--Cornwallis's Pursuit--Close of the Campaign--The Articles of Confederation published by Congress--Fresh Overtures to France--Parliament votes large Sums of Money--John the Painter--Chatham demands a Cessation of Hostilities--Washington's Change of Tactics--Surprise of Trenton--Washington outmanoeuvres Cornwallis--He recovers New Jersey--Difficulties of Congress--Howe advances against Washington--Alteration of Howe's Plans--Battle of the Brandywine--Howe crosses the Schuylkill--Cornwallis enters Philadelphia--Battle of Germantown--Washington at Valley Forge--Burgoyne's Plan of Campaign--His Advance--St. Clair's Defeat--Burgoyne on the Hudson--The Beginning of his Misfortunes--Battle of Bemus's Heights--Burgoyne's Message to Clinton--He is surrounded--He attempts to cut his Way through--The Surrender of Saratoga--Clinton's Failure to relieve Burgoyne--Close of the Campaign 217

Meeting of Parliament--Lord Chatham's Amendment to the Address--The News of Saratoga--Treaty between France and America--Washington in Valley Forge--Intrigues against him--Violation of Burgoyne's Convention--Debates in Parliament--Attempt to bring Chatham into the Ministry--Lord North's Conciliation Bills--The French Note--Patriotism of the Nation--The King refuses to send for Chatham--His last Speech and Death--Honours to his Memory--Burke's Measure of Irish Relief--Repeal of Laws against Roman Catholics--Explosion of Scottish Bigotry--Turgot's Warnings--Naval Engagement off Ushant--Failure of Lafayette's Canadian Expedition--Clinton compelled to evacuate Philadelphia--Failure of Lord North's Commissioners--D'Estaing and Sullivan attempt to take Rhode Island--Subsequent Proceedings of D'Estaing--Courts martial of Keppel and Palliser--The Irish Volunteers--Spain declares War--Military Preparations--Junction of the French and Spanish Fleets--They retire from the Channel--D'Estaing in the West Indies--His Attempt on Savannah--Weakness of Lord North's Ministry--Meeting of Parliament--Lord North's Irish Bill--Richmond, Shelburne, and Burke attempt Economic Reforms--The Meeting at York petitions for Reform of Parliament--Burke's Economic Scheme--North's Manoeuvre--Further Attempts at Reform--The Westminster Meeting--Dunning's Motion--Defeat of his later Resolutions--"No Popery" in Scotland--Lord George Gordon's Agitation--The Riots and their Progress--Their Suppression--Trial of the Prisoners--Rodney relieves Gibraltar--Destruction of English Merchantmen--Disputes with Holland--The Armed Neutrality of the North--Capture of Charleston--Declaration of South Carolina--Battle of Camden--Expedition into North Carolina--Arrival of the French Squadron--Rodney in the West Indies--Arnold's Treachery--Trial and Death of Andr?--Breach with Holland--Attacks on Jersey and Gibraltar--Mutiny in the Army of Washington--Arnold's Raids in Virginia--Cornwallis in North Canada--His Engagements with Greene--His March into Virginia--Rawdon and Greene--Battle of Eutaw Springs--Siege of York Town--The American Armies close round him--Cornwallis compelled to Surrender 246

Rodney takes St. Eustatia--Destruction of Dutch Commerce--Loss of Minorca--Naval Actions--Meeting of Parliament--Vehemence of the Opposition--Losses in the West Indies--Breaking up of the Ministry--Their Defeat on Conway's Motion--Lord North's Resignation--Shelburne refuses the Premiership--New Whig Government--Agitation in Ireland--Grattan's Motion for Legislative Independence--The Volunteer Meeting at Dungannon--Grattan's Motion carried--Demands of the Irish Parliament conceded--Flood's Agitation--Economic Reforms--Pitt's Motion for Parliamentary Reform--Unsuccessful Negotiations for Peace--Rodney's Victory over De Grasse--Lord Howe's Exploits--The Siege and Relief of Gibraltar--Negotiations for Peace--Folly of Oswald and Duplicity of Shelburne--The Negotiations continued--Franklin throws over Vergennes--Conclusion of a Secret Treaty between England and America--Fate of the American Royalists--Announcement of the Peace in Parliament--Terms of Peace with France, Spain, and Holland--Opposition to the Peace--Coalition of Fox and North--Fall of Shelburne--Pitt's Attempt to form a Ministry--The Coalition in Office--Reform and the Prince of Wales--Fox's India Bill--Its Introduction--Progress of the Measure--The King's Letter to Temple--Reception of the News in the Commons--Dismissal of the Ministry--Pitt forms a Cabinet--Factious Opposition of Fox--Pitt's India Bill--He refuses to divulge his Intentions--The Tide begins to Turn--Attempt at a Coalition--Increasing Popularity of Pitt--Fox's Resolution--The Dissolution--"Fox's Martyrs" 284

Victory of Pitt--The King's delight--Pitt's Finance--The India Bill--Pitt's Budget--The Westminster Election--The Scrutiny--Fox is returned--The Volunteers in Ireland--Flood's Reform Bill--Riots in Ireland--Pitt's Commercial Policy for Ireland--Opposition of the English Merchants--Abandonment of the Measure--Pitt's Reform Bill--His Administrative Reforms--Bill for fortifying Portsmouth and Plymouth--Pitt's Sinking Fund--Favourable Reception of the Bill--Pitt's Excise Bill--Commercial Treaty with France--Impeachment of Warren Hastings--Retrospect of Indian Affairs: Deposition of Meer Jaffier--Resistance of Meer Cossim--Massacre of Patna--Battle of Buxar and Capture of Allahabad--Clive's Return to India--Settlement of Bengal and Oude--Domestic Reforms--Rise of Hyder Ali--His Treaty with the English--He is defeated by the Mahrattas--Deposition of the Rajah of Tanjore--Failure of Lord Pigot to reinstate him--Lord North's Regulating Bill--Death of Clive--Warren Hastings becomes Governor-General--His dealings with the Famine--Treatment of Reza Khan and the Nabob of Bengal--Resumption of Allahabad and Corah--Massacre of the Rohillas--Arrival of the New Members of Council--Struggle for Supremacy--Robbery of Cheyte Sing--Nuncomar's Charges--His Trial and Execution--Hastings' Constitutional Resignation--His Final Victory--Wars against the Mahrattas--Hyder Ali's Advance--Defeat of Baillie--Energy of Hastings--Victories of Sir Eyre Coote--Capture of Dutch Settlements--Naval Engagements between the British and French--Death of Hyder Ali--Tippoo continues the War--He invokes Peace--Hastings' Extortions from Cheyte Sing--Hastings' visit to Benares--Rising of the People--Rescue of Hastings and Deposition of Cheyte Sing--Extortion from the Begums of Oude--Parliamentary Inquiries--Hastings' Reception in England--Burke's Motion of Impeachment--Pitt's Change of Front--The Prince of Wales and the Whigs--Inquiry into his Debts--Alderman Newnham's Motion--Denial of the Marriage with Mrs. Fitzherbert--Sheridan's Begum Speech--Impeachment of Hastings--Growth of the Opposition to the Slave Trade--The Question brought before Parliament--Evidence produced--Sir W. Dolben's Bill--Trial of Warren Hastings--Speeches of Burke, Fox, and Sheridan--Illness of the King--Debates on the Regency Bill--The King's Recovery--Address of the Irish Parliament to the Prince of Wales 307

Progress of the French Revolution--Death of Mirabeau--Attempted Flight of the King from Paris--Attitude of the Sovereigns of Europe--The Parties of the Right and of the Left--The Girondists--Decrees against the Emigrants--Negotiations between Marie Antoinette and Pitt--Condition of the French Army--Session of 1792; Debates on Foreign Affairs--Marriage of the Duke of York--The Prince of Wales's Allowance--The Budget--The Anti-Slavery Movement--Magistracy Bill--Attempts at Reform--The Society of the Friends of the People--Proclamation against Seditious Writings--Fox's Nonconformist Relief Bill--Prorogation of Parliament--Associations and Counter-Associations--Lord Cornwallis's War against Tippoo Sahib--Capture of Seringapatam--Peace with Tippoo--Embassy to China--Designs of the Powers against Poland--Catherine resolves to strike--Invasion of Poland--Neutrality of England--Conquest of Poland--Imminence of War between France and Austria--It is declared--Failure of the French Troops--The Duke of Brunswick's Proclamation--Insurrection of the 10th of August--Massacre of the Swiss--Suspension of the King--Ascendency of Jacobinism--Dumouriez in the Passes of the Argonne--Battle of Valmy--Retreat of the Prussians--Occupation of the Netherlands by the French Troops--Custine in Germany--Occupation of Nice and Savoy--Edict of Fraternity--Abolition of Royalty--Trial and Death of the King--Effect of the Deed on the Continent--The Militia called out in England--Debates in Parliament on War with France--The Alien Bill--Rupture of Diplomatic Relations with France--War declared against Britain--Efforts to preserve the Peace--They are Ineffectual 386

Invasion of Holland by Dumouriez--He is defeated at Neerwinden and goes over to the Enemy--Second Partition of Poland--The Campaign in the Netherlands--And on the Rhine--The English Fleets in the Channel and West Indies--Siege of Toulon--First appearance of Napoleon Buonaparte--Fall of Lyons--The Reign of Terror--Insurrection in La Vend?e--Its brutal Suppression--Worship of the Goddess of Reason--Opposition to the War in England--Prosecutions for Sedition--Trials in Scotland--Discussions on the subject in Parliament--Arrests of Horne Tooke, Thelwall, Hardy, and others--Battle of the First of June--The War in the West Indies--Annexation of Corsica--The Campaign of 1794--The Prussian Subsidy--Successes of Pichegru against the Austrians--The Struggle for the Sambre--Loss of Belgium--Danger of Holland--The War in the South--The Reign of Terror continues--The Festival of the Supreme Being--Death of Robespierre and his Associates--The Thermidorians--Final extinction of Poland--The Portland Whigs join the Ministry--Trials of Hardy, Horne Tooke, and their Associates--Opening of Parliament--The Budget--Attempts at Reform--Marriage of the Prince of Wales--His Allowance--The French occupy Holland--It becomes a Republic--Prussia and Spain leave the Coalition, but the War continues--Campaigns on the Rhine and in Italy--The War in La Vend?e and in Brittany--The Expedition from England planned--Destruction of the Expedition at Quib?ron--Extinction of the War in La Vend?e--Establishment of the Directory--Attack on George the Third--The Budget--Pitt's first Negotiations for Peace--Failure of Lord Malmesbury's Mission--Successes in the West Indies and Africa--Expedition to Bantry Bay--The Campaign of 1796--Retreat of the French--Napoleon's Italian Campaign--The Battles of Arcole--A new British Loan--Suspension of Cash Payments--Grievances of the Seamen--Mutiny at Portsmouth--Its Pacification--Mutiny at the Nore--Descent on the Welsh Coast--Campaign of 1797--Preliminaries of Leoben--Treaty of Campo Formio--Lord Malmesbury's Mission to Lille 418

The Ministry of "All the Talents"--Fox informs Napoleon of a supposed Scheme for his Assassination--Futile Negotiations for Peace--Windham's Army Bills--Resolutions against the Slave Trade passed--Inquiry into the Conduct of the Princess of Wales--British Expeditions: Stuart in Calabria--Battle of Maida--Continued Resistance of the Neapolitans--Recapture of the Cape of Good Hope--Expedition to Buenos Ayres--Naval Successes: Victories of Duckworth, Warren, and Hood--Cochrane's Daredevilry--Napoleon's subject Kingdoms--Prussia makes Complaints--Napoleon prepares for War--Murder of Palm--Isolation of Prussia--Imbecility of their Plan of Campaign--Battle of Jena--Napoleon in Berlin--He seizes Brunswick--Complete Subjugation of Germany--Settlement of Germany--The Berlin Decrees--Napoleon rouses the Poles--Campaign against Benningsen--Death of Fox--Ministerial Changes--Votes in Supply--An Administrative Scandal--Abolition of the Slave Trade--Measures of Roman Catholic Relief--Dismissal of the Grenville Ministry--The Duke of Portland's Cabinet--Hostile Motions in Parliament--The General Election--Irish Coercion Bills--Failure of the Expeditions planned by the late Ministry: Buenos Ayres--The Expedition to the Dardanelles--Expedition to Alexandria--Attack on Rosetta--Withdrawal of the Expedition--War between Russia and Turkey--Secret Articles of the Treaty of Tilsit--Bombardment of Copenhagen and Capture of the Danish Fleet--Seizure of Heligoland--The Campaign in Europe--Battle of Eylau--Benningsen's Retreat--Napoleon on the Vistula--Fall of Dantzic--Battle of Friedland--Alexander resolves to make Peace--The Meeting on the Niemen--Treaty of Tilsit. 516

Austria gets ready for War--Napoleon's Preparations--Invasion of Bavaria by Austria--The Archduke Charles driven from Bavaria--Occupation of Vienna--Battle of Aspern--The Spirit of Revolt in Germany: Schill and Brunswick--Battle of Wagram--Peace of Vienna--Victories of the Tyrolese--Death of Hofer--The Betrayal of Poland and Italy--Deposition of the Pope--Ministerial Dissensions--Death of Portland, and Reconstruction of the Ministry--Inquiry into the Walcheren Expedition--Imprisonment of Gale Jones--Burdett committed to the Tower--The Piccadilly Riots--Arrest of Burdett--Debates in the House of Commons--Agitation for Parliamentary Reform--Liberation of Burdett--Remaining Events of the Session--Condition of Spain--Soult's victorious Progress--He fails at Cadiz--The Guerilla War--Massena sent against Wellington--Capture of Ciudad Rodrigo--Capitulation of Almeida--Battle of Busaco--The Lines of Torres Vedras--Massena baffled--Condition of the rival Armies--Victories in the East and West Indies--The War in Sicily. 586

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