: A history of the Irish poor law in connexion with the condition of the people by Nicholls George Sir - Poor laws Ireland History

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PREFACE Page v

Rebellion of 1798--The Union--Acts of the Imperial Parliament: respecting dispensaries, hospitals, and infirmaries--Examination of bogs--Fever hospitals--Officers of health--Lunatic asylums--Employment of the poor--Deserted children--Report of 1804 respecting the poor--Dublin House of Industry and Foundling Hospital--Reports of 1819 and 1823 on the state of disease and condition of the labouring poor--Report of 1830 on the state of the poorer classes--Report of the Committee on Education--Mr. Secretary Stanley's letter to the Duke of Leinster--Board of National Education--First and second Reports of commissioners for inquiring into the condition of the poorer classes--The author's 'Suggestions'--The commissioners' third Report--Reasons for and against a voluntary system of relief--Mr. Bicheno's 'Remarks on the Evidence'--Mr. G. C. Lewis's 'Remarks on the Third Report' 67

Recommendation in the king's speech--Motions and other proceedings in the House of Commons--Lord John Russell's instructions to the author--The author's first Report--Lord John Russell's speech on introducing a bill founded on its recommendations--Progress of the bill interrupted by the death of the king--Author's second Report--Bill reintroduced and passed the Commons--Author's third Report--Bill passes the lords, and becomes law 153

Summary of the 'Act for the more effectual Relief of the Poor in Ireland,' and of the 'Amendment Act'--Arrangements for bringing the Act into operation--First and second Reports of proceedings--Dublin and Cork unions--Distress in the western districts--Third, fourth, fifth, and sixth Reports--Summary of the Act for the further amendment of the Law--Seventh Report--Cost of relief, and numbers relieved--Issue of amended orders 222

Eighth Report of proceedings--Failure of the potato--A fourth commissioner appointed--Ninth Report--Potato disease in 1846--Public Works Act--Distress in autumn 1846--Labour-rate Act--Relief-works--Temporary Relief Act--Pressure upon workhouses--Emigration--Financial state of unions--First Annual Report of Poor-Law Commissioners for Ireland--Extension Act--Act for Punishment of Vagrants--Act to provide for execution of Poor Laws--General import of the new Acts--Change of the commission--Dissolution of boards of guardians--Report of Temporary Relief Act Commissioners--British Association--Second Annual Report of Poor-Law Commissioners--Recurrence of potato disease--Cholera--Rate-in-Aid Act--Further dissolution of boards of guardians--Boundary Commission--Select committee on Irish Poor Laws--Expenditure, and numbers relieved 303

Third Annual Report of Poor-Law Commissioners--Further Amendment Act--Fourth Annual Report--New unions and electoral divisions--Consolidated Debts Act--Rates in aid--Fifth Annual Report--Annuities under Consolidated Debts Act--Treasury minute--Act to amend Acts relating to payment of advances--Medical charities--Medical Charities Act--First Report of Medical Charity Commissioners--Census of 1851--Retrospection--Sixth Annual Report--Rate of wages--Expenditure, and numbers relieved--Changes in Poor-Law executive--New order of accounts--Author's letter to Lord John Russell, 1853--Present state and future prospects of Ireland 364

INDEX 405

HISTORY

OF

THE IRISH POOR LAW,

THE CONDITION OF THE PEOPLE.

After Strongbow's expedition to Ireland in the year 1170, which was followed by that of Henry the Second and the general submission of the chieftains of the several clans in 1172, the history of Ireland becomes closely connected with and may be said to form a portion of that of England. The accounts we have of the state of the country anterior to Strongbow's invasion are vague and uncertain, although there are grounds for believing that some degree of civilization had prevailed, and that intercourse with the East had been to some extent maintained, at a very early period. It has been said that "The Gauls or Celtes from the north-west parts of Britain, and certain tribes from the north-west parts of Spain peopled Ireland, either originally or by subduing the Phoenician colonies which had been established there;" and that the Irish, and their kinsmen the Highlanders of Scotland, are supposed to be "the remains of a people who in ancient times had occupied not only Britain, but a considerable part of Gaul and Spain." The Irish were no doubt commonly known by the name of Scots, and the proximity of the two countries, irrespective of all other considerations, renders the identity of origin highly probable.

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