: The Principles of Leather Manufacture by Procter H R Henry Richardson - Leather

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Primitive methods of leather manufacture -- Use of leather by the ancients -- Progress of leather manufacture in England -- Methods of production of leather -- Vegetable tannages -- Combination tannages -- Use of aluminium, iron and chromium -- Oil- and fat-leathers -- Difficulties of scientific treatment PAGE 1

The object of tanning -- Washing and soaking -- Removal of hair by liming -- Unhairing by putrefaction -- Unhairing and fleshing -- Deliming -- Bating, puering and drenching -- The vegetable tanning process -- Currying -- Alum, chrome and chamois leathers PAGE 7

The structure of cells -- White blood-corpuscles -- The yeast-cell -- Epidermis cells -- The building up of plants PAGE 10

The nature of ferments -- Organised and unorganised ferments -- Classification of organised ferments -- General properties of ferments -- The alcoholic fermentation -- The action of enzymes or unorganised ferments -- The destruction of ferments by heat and antiseptics -- The products of fermentation -- The fermentations of the tannery -- Fermentation in bating and puering -- Fermentation in the tanning liquors -- Moulds and mildews -- Control of fermentation PAGE 15

Distinction of antiseptics and disinfectants -- Lime -- Sulphur dioxide -- Manufacture of sulphuric acid -- Bisulphites and metabisulphites -- Boric acid and borates -- Mercuric chloride -- Mercuric iodide -- Copper sulphate -- Zinc salts -- Arsenic -- Fluorides -- Phenol -- Use of carbolic acid -- Eudermin -- Creasote -- Creolin -- Salicylic acid -- Benzoic acid -- Cresotinic acid -- Anticalcium -- "C.T." bate -- Naphthalene sulphonic acid -- Naphthols -- Hydronaphthol -- Oxynaphthoic acid -- Carbon disulphide -- Formaldehyde -- Triformol -- Camphor and essential oils PAGE 21

Marking of hides -- Fellmongering of sheep-skins -- The use of salt -- Salting of packer hides -- Brining -- Dry-salting -- Indian plaster cures -- Analysis of salt-earths -- Salt- and iron-stains -- Drying of hides and skins -- Damage by insects -- The warble-fly -- Damage by branding -- Cockle PAGE 33

Similarity of Mammalian skins -- Development of skin -- Structure of calf-skin -- The epidermis -- The structure of hair -- The sebaceous glands -- The development of hair -- The hair-sheath -- The hair-muscle -- The hyaline layer -- The corium -- Connective tissue -- Fat cells -- Striped muscle -- Elastic fibres -- The unhairing process -- The sweating process PAGE 46

The keratin tissues -- Production of gelatine from connective tissue -- Analyses of hide and gelatine -- Constitution of gelatine -- Analysis and Reactions of gelatine -- Decomposition of gelatine -- Reactions of gelatine -- Chondrin -- Coriin -- Hide-albumin -- "Acid" and "alkali" albumins -- Egg-albumin -- Vitellin -- Casein -- Keratins -- Elastic fibres -- Analytical methods -- Kjeldahl process PAGE 56

Causes of swelling and contraction -- The essentials of the tanning process -- The constitution of matter -- The nature of molecules -- Vapour-pressure -- Surface-tension -- Solution-pressures -- Jellies -- Crystals -- Osmotic pressure -- Electrolytic dissociation -- Electrolysis -- Reactions of ions -- Absorption of water by gelatine -- Dehydration by alcohol -- Action of acids, alkalies and salts on gelatinous fibre -- Physical explanation of swelling -- Action of acids on gelatine -- Action of alkalies on gelatine -- Effect of salt -- The pickling process PAGE 73

Impurities of natural water -- Hardness -- Soap test -- Temporary hardness -- Clark's softening process -- Archbutt and Deeley's softening apparatus -- Other appliances -- Effect of temporary hardness in tanning and dyeing -- Permanent hardness -- Boiler scale -- Mud -- Iron -- Alumina -- Soda -- Copper, lead, etc. -- Sulphuric acid -- Nitrates and Nitrites -- Chlorine -- Carbonic acid -- Silicic acid -- Effect of hardness on plumping -- Peaty waters PAGE 93

Washing of fresh hides -- Danger of putrefaction -- Soaking of salted hides and skins -- Soaking and softening of dry and dry-salted hides -- American wash-wheel -- Chemical methods -- Difficulty of softening hides dried at high temperature PAGE 108

Methods of depilation -- Sweating process -- Liming -- Sources of lime -- Quicklime -- Slaking of lime -- Solubility of lime in water -- Analysis of lime -- "Available" lime -- Action of lime on hide -- Liming in pits -- Suspension limes -- Effect of warming limes -- Quantity of lime required -- The Buffalo method -- Action of old limes -- Solution of hide substance by limes -- Sodium and potassium hydrates -- Payne and Pullman's process -- Alkaline carbonates -- Alkaline sulphides -- Sodium sulphide -- Calcium Sulphydrate -- Gas-lime -- Tank-waste -- Lufkin's liming preparation -- Barium sulphydrate -- Realgar, or red sulphide of arsenic -- "Inoffensive" unhairing solution -- Earp's patent -- Unhairing on the beam -- Unhairing machines -- Vaughn machine -- Leidgen machine -- Unhairing in stocks and wash-wheel -- Jones machine -- Fleshing -- Vaughn fleshing machine -- Rounding PAGE 119

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