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LIFE OF GALILEO.

Peculiar interest attached to his Life--His Birth--His early studies--His passion for Mathematics--His work on the Hydrostatic Balance--Appointed Lecturer on Mathematics at Pisa--His antipathy to the Philosophy of Aristotle--His contentions with the Aristotelians--Chosen Professor of Mathematics in Padua--Adopts the Copernican system, but still teaches the Ptolemaic doctrine--His alarming illness--He observes the new Star in 1604--His Magnetical experiments,

Cosmo, Grand Duke of Tuscany, invites Galileo to Pisa--Galileo visits Venice in 1609, where he first hears of the Telescope--He invents and constructs one, which excites a great sensation--Discovers Mountains in the Moon, and Forty Stars in the Pleiades--Discovers Jupiter's Satellites in 1610--Effect of this discovery on Kepler--Manner in which these discoveries were received--Galileo appointed Mathematician to Cosmo--Mayer claims the discovery of the Satellites of Jupiter--Harriot observes them in England in October 1610,

Galileo announces his discoveries in Enigmas--Discovers the Crescent of Venus--the Ring of Saturn--the Spots on the Sun--Similar Observations made in England by Harriot--Claims of Fabricius and Scheiner to the discovery of the Solar Spots--Galileo's Letters to Velser on the claims of Scheiner--His residence at the Villa of Salviati--Composes his work on Floating Bodies, which involves him in new controversies,

Galileo treats his Opponents with severity and sarcasm--He is aided by the Sceptics of the day--The Church Party the most powerful--Galileo commences the attack, and is answered by Caccini, a Dominican--Galileo's Letter to the Grand Duchess of Tuscany, in support of the motion of the Earth and the stability of the Sun--Galileo visits Rome--Is summoned before the Inquisition--And renounces his opinions as Heretical--The Inquisition denounces the Copernican system--Galileo has an audience of the Pope, but still maintains his opinions in private society--Proposes to find out the Longitude at Sea by means of Jupiter's Satellites--His negotiation on this subject with the Court of Spain--Its failure--He is unable to observe the three Comets of 1618, but is involved in the controversy to which they gave rise,

Galileo loses his favourite Daughter--He falls into a state of melancholy and ill health--Is allowed to go to Florence for its recovery in 1638--But is prevented from leaving his House or receiving his Friends--His friend Castelli permitted to visit him in the presence of an Officer of the Inquisition--He composes his celebrated Dialogues on Local Motion--Discovers the Moon's Libration--Loses the sight of one Eye--The other Eye attacked by the same Disease--Is struck Blind--Negociates with the Dutch Government respecting his Method of finding the Longitude--He is allowed free intercourse with his Friends--His Illness and Death in 1642--His Epitaph--His Social, Moral, and Scientific Character,

LIFE OF TYCHO BRAHE.

Tycho's Birth, Family, and Education--An Eclipse of the Sun turns his attention to Astronomy--Studies Law at Leipsic--But pursues Astronomy by stealth--His Uncle's Death--He returns to Copenhagen, and resumes his Observations--Revisits Germany--Fights a Duel, and loses his Nose--Visits Augsburg, and meets Hainzel--Who assists him in making a large Quadrant--Revisits Denmark--And is warmly received by the King--He settles at his Uncle's Castle of Herritzvold--His Observatory and Laboratory--Discovers the new Star in Cassiopeia--Account of this remarkable Body--Tycho's Marriage with a Peasant Girl--Which irritates his Friends--His Lectures on Astronomy--He visits the Prince of Hesse--Attends the Coronation of the Emperor Rudolph at Ratisbon--He returns to Denmark,

Tycho resumes his Astronomical Observations--Is attacked with a Painful Disease--His Sufferings and Death in 1601--His Funeral--His Temper--His Turn for Satire and Raillery--His Piety--Account of his Astronomical Discoveries--His Love of Astrology and Alchymy--Observations on the Character of the Alchymists--Tycho's Elixir--His Fondness for the Marvellous--His Automata and Invisible Bells--Account of the Idiot, called Lep, whom he kept as a Prophet--History of Tycho's Instruments--His Great Brass Globe preserved at Copenhagen--Present state of the Island of Huen,

LIFE OF JOHN KEPLER.

Kepler's Birth in 1571--His Family--And early Education--The Distresses and Poverty of his Family--He enters the Monastic School of Maulbronn--And is admitted into the University of Tubingen, where he distinguishes himself, and takes his Degree--He is appointed Professor of Astronomy and Greek in 1594--His first speculations on the Orbits of the Planets--Account of their Progress and Failure--His "Cosmographical Mystery" published--He Marries a Widow in 1597--Religious troubles at Gratz--He retires from thence to Hungary--Visits Tycho at Prague in 1600--Returns to Gratz, which he again quits for Prague--He is taken ill on the road--Is appointed Tycho's Assistant in 1601--Succeeds Tycho as Imperial Mathematician--His Work on the New Star of 1604--Singular specimen of it,

Kepler's Pecuniary Embarrassments--His Inquiries respecting the Law of Refraction--His Supplement to Vitellio--His Researches on Vision--His Treatise on Dioptrics--His Commentaries on Mars--He discovers that the orbit of Mars is an Ellipse, with the Sun in one focus--And extends this discovery to all the other Planets--He establishes the two first laws of Physical Astronomy--His Family Distresses--Death of his Wife--He is appointed Professor of Mathematics at Linz--His Method of Choosing a Second Wife--Her Character, as given by Himself--Origin of his Treatise on Gauging--He goes to Ratisbon to give his Opinion to the Diet on the change of Style--He refuses the Mathematical Chair at Bologna,

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