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THE GREEKS WERE CURIOUS ABOUT MATTER 1 THE ATOMIC THEORY IS CONFIRMED 2 CATHODE RAYS SHOW ATOMS CONTAIN SMALLER PARTS 3 RADIOACTIVE ATOMS DISCOVERED 5 RUTHERFORD FINDS THE ATOMIC NUCLEUS 6 THE PROTON IS RECOGNIZED 8 ISOTOPES ARE DISCOVERED 9 THE ALCHEMISTS' DREAM COMES TRUE 10 SOME PARTICLES HAVE NO ELECTRIC CHARGE 13 MATTER IS ENERGY; ENERGY IS MATTER 14 NUCLEI CONTAIN ENERGY 15 CHRONOLOGY 18 FISSION IS EXPLAINED 20 THE FISSION BOMB IS EXPLODED 23 NUCLEAR ENERGY IS NEEDED FOR THE FUTURE 25 FUSION HAS POTENTIAL 26 ISOTOPES HAVE MANY USES 29 RADIOISOTOPES AT WORK 30 THE ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION 31 TOWARD AN INTERNATIONAL ATOM 33 SUGGESTED REFERENCES 35
United States Atomic Energy Commission Division of Technical Information Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 63-64918 1963; 1964
C. JACKSON CRAVEN is a teacher's teacher as well as a student's teacher, and has had an active career aiding understanding of atomic energy as a member of the University of Tennessee faculty and on the staff of the Oak Ridge Institute of Nuclear Studies. He has conducted short courses to instruct groups of high school science teachers in nuclear energy, and has served in a key capacity in training Institute demonstration-lecturers who visit high schools throughout the nation.
Dr. Craven worked during World War II for the Manhattan Project, which built the first atomic bomb. He earned bachelor's and graduate degrees at the University of North Carolina, and later taught physics and mathematics at Delta State Teachers College and at Furman and Emory Universities.
His research interests include infrared spectroscopy, gaseous diffusion through porous media, and the physical properties of fibers.
OUR ATOMIC WORLD
The Greeks Were Curious About Matter
It is probable that most people who thought about this question at all during the next two thousand years answered the last question in the negative. The prevailing notion was that matter was continuous, with no theoretical limit as to how small a piece of cheese, or anything else, might be.
This concept was humorously expressed by the British mathematician Augustus De Morgan in these lines:
The Atomic Theory Is Confirmed
De Morgan evidently did not keep up with the latest developments in science, however, because two years before his birth, John Dalton, an English schoolteacher, had changed the atomic theory of matter from a philosophical speculation into a firmly established principle. The evidence that convinced Dalton and many other contemporary scientists of the reality of atoms came from quantitative chemical analysis.
Dalton knew that many chemical substances could be separated into two or more simpler substances. Chemicals that could be separated further were called compounds; those that could not were called elements. Careful experiments by Dalton and others showed that whenever two or more elements combined chemically to make a compound the relative amounts of the elements had to be carefully adjusted to fit a definite proportion in order to have no elements left over after the reaction was finished. For example, if hydrogen and oxygen were combined to form water, the weight of oxygen had to be eight times the weight of hydrogen; otherwise, either some hydrogen or some oxygen would be left over.
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