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Translator: R. H. M. Elwes
Benedict de Spinoza, THE ETHICS
Translated by R. H. M. Elwes
PART I: CONCERNING GOD.
DEFINITIONS.
>>>>>Explanation--I say absolutely infinite, not infinite after its kind: for, of a thing infinite only after its kind, infinite attributes may be denied; but that which is absolutely infinite, contains in its essence whatever expresses reality, and involves no negation.
>>>>>Explanation--Existence of this kind is conceived as an eternal truth, like the essence of a thing and, therefore, cannot be explained by means of continuance or time, though continuance may be conceived without a beginning or end.
>>>>>Proof--This is clear from Deff. iii. and v.
>>>>>Proof--Also evident from Def. iii. For each must exist in itself, and be conceived through itself; in other words, the conception of one does not imply the conception of the other.
>>>>>Proof--If they have nothing in common, it follows that one cannot be apprehended by means of the other , and, therefore, one cannot be the cause of the other . Q.E.D.
>>>>>Proof--Everything which exists, exists either in itself or in something else ,-- that is , nothing is granted in addition to the understanding, except substance and its modifications. Nothing is, therefore, given besides the understanding, by which several things may be distinguished one from the other, except the substances, or, in other words , their attributes and modifications. Q.E.D.
>>>>>Proof--If several distinct substances be granted, they must be distinguished one from the other, either by the difference of their attributes, or by the difference of their modifications . If only by the difference of their attributes, it will be granted that there cannot be more than one with an identical attribute. If by the difference of their modifications--as substance is naturally prior to its modifications --it follows that setting the modifications aside, and considering substance in itself, that is truly, , there cannot be conceived one substance different from another--that is , there cannot be granted several substances, but one substance only. Q.E.D.
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