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I want to publish my first e-book, but the multitude of available file formats (PDF, ePUB, MOBI, TXT, etc.) is a bit overwhelming. As a result, I am not really sure which format (if any) would be able to reach most readers.
Before I opt-in to simply offering multiple file formats (and let individual readers choose what fits their needs best), I would like to know if there is any "one-file-format-fits-all-ebook-readers" file format.
Does any "universally agreed-upon standard file format" for ebooks exist, that most (if not all) ebook readers are able to handle?
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Most people here are focusing on the device side of the question, but there's another one that may be equally important: the economic side. This depends on what your goal with your book is—are you planning to sell it, or do you just want to distribute it so that lots of people can read it? If the latter, then yes, text files or PDF are reasonable options (though bear in mind that PDFs by and large are not reflowable, which means that they can be hard to read on devices with small screens, like cell phones).
If you're intending to sell your book, then you need to take into account the policies of the ebook marketplaces you're interested in selling through. The major market out there is, of course, Amazon, and they only sell MOBI/KF8 formats. Barnes & Noble, iBooks, Google Play, and Kobo all sell EPUB files, but even taken all together, Amazon is the larger market. The good news, though, is that in order to create a mobi file, you need a valid EPUB file and Kindle Previewer, so EPUB will pretty much get you a MOBI/KF8 file as well.
EPUB files are essentially just zipped up collections of HTML pages, so if you're looking for a single-source format, XHTML would be a great choice. Ensuring that it's the more-rigid XHTML will allow for greater transformability of your files, meaning that in the future it will be much easier to run your file through an automated tool that will convert it to whatever the Google Glass ebook format (or whatever) is.
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Apart from the consideration what format the most people have, you should consider your wish to control over the layout of the text and how well the format can be converted to other formats by your readers.
Some formats like TXT allow very little control over the layout. In PDF you have much control over the layout, as you have in EPUB and MOBI.
Conversion of some formats is easier than others, the calibre FAQ gives a list of best formats to convert in decreasing preference: LIT, MOBI, AZW, EPUB, AZW3, FB2, DOCX, HTML, PRC, ODT, RTF, PDB, TXT, PDF. So if you would provide only PDF and TXT readers cannot easily provide good readable EPUBs for their device. In my experience the difference between the first 5 formats for input is minimal.
That leads me to recommend EPUB or MOBI as the formats if you target only EBooks and one of those and TXT if you want to capture the computer audience as well, but don't care about layout. Replace TXT with PDF (combined with EPUB or MOBI) if you care about the layout.
And then of course the software you use to generate the format has some influence on what you can do, but I assumed that you can generate the formats you indicated in your question in some way.
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Virtually all e-book readers can display PDF files. Unfortunately, PDF documents are "pre-rendered" - the text is positioned on the page in absolute coordinates and text cannot reflow on smaller / larger devices (without hacks or trickery that rarely work well).
TXT files are a good option if formatting isn't a concern. Most e-book readers can display TXT files (I just double-checked that they work out-of-the-box on my Kindle Touch). The downside, of course, is that you cannot use any formatting.
This leaves you with two common formats:
EPUB (supported by Nooks, iBooks, Kobo, and Sony devices)
MOBI (supported by Kindle devices)
This page displays a table of devices and their supported formats.
I would actually suggest a completely different approach - produce content using a markup language (like Markdown or HTML) and then use a tool to convert the files to the e-book formats you wish to support. Tools like Calibre support nearly every format under the sun, so you can choose as many formats as you want.
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There is no universal one-size-fits-all, but I would say that a PDF file would be one that most ereaders can handle, but you never know.
I would publish a EPUB version and a PDF version just for the convenience of your readers.
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