: A History of Science — Volume 5 by Williams Edward Huntington Williams Henry Smith - Science History

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BOOK V

The founding of the British Museum, p. 4--Purchase of Sir Hans Sloane's collection of curios by the English government, p. 4--Collection of curios and library located in Montague Mansion, p. 5--Acquisition of the collection of Sir William Hamilton, p. 5--Capture of Egyptian antiquities by the English, p. 5--Construction of the present museum building, p. 6--The Mesopotamian department, p. 8--The Museum of Natural History in South Kensington, p. 8--Novel features in the structure of the building, p. 9--Arrangement of specimens to illustrate evolution, protective coloring, etc., p.-- --Exhibits of stuffed specimens amid their natural surroundings, p. 10--Interest taken by visitors in the institution, p. 12.

The Royal Society, p. 14--Weekly meetings of the society, p. 15--The tea before the opening of the lecture, p. 15--Announcement of the beginning of the lecture by bringing in the great mace, p. 16--The lecture-room itself, p. 17--Comparison of the Royal Society and the Royal Academy of Sciences at Berlin, p. 18--The library and reading-room, p. 19--The busts of distinguished members, p. 20--Newton's telescope and Boyle's air-pump, p. 21.

The founding of the Royal Institution, p. 29--Count Rumford, p. 30--His plans for founding the Royal Institution, p. 32--Change in the spirit of the enterprise after Rumford's death, p. 33--Attitude of the earlier workers towards the question of heat as a form of motion, p. 34--Experiments upon gases by Davy and Faraday, p. 35--Faraday's experiments with low temperatures, p. 39--Other experiments to produce lower temperature, p. 39--Professor De-war begins low-temperature research, p. 39--His liquefaction of hydrogen, p. 43--Hampson's method of producing low temperatures, p. 44--Dewar's invention of the vacuum vessel, p. 53--Its use in retaining liquefied gases, p. 54--Changes in physical properties of substances at excessively low temperatures, p. 56--Magnetic phenomena at low temperatures, p. 56--Changes in the color of substances at low temperatures, p. 57--Substances made luminous by low temperatures, p. 58--Effect of low temperatures upon the strength of materials, p. 59--Decrease of chemical activity at low temperatures, p. 60--Olzewski's experiments with burning substances in liquid oxygen, p. 61--Approach to the absolute zero made by liquefying hydrogen, p. 69--Probable form of all matter at the absolute zero, p. 70--Uncertain factors that enter into this determination, p. 71.

Sir Norman Lockyer and Spectroscopic Studies of the Sun and Stars, p. 73--Observations made at South Kensington by Sir Norman and his staff, p. 74--His theories as to the influence of sun-spots and terrestrial weather, p. 75--Spectroscopic studies of sun-spots, p. 76--Studies of the so-called reverse lines of the spectrum, p. 78--Discovery of the new star in the constellation of Perseus, p. 80--Spectroscopic studies of the new star, p. 81--Professor Ramsay and the new gases, p. 82--University College in London, p. 83--Professor Ramsay's laboratory and its equipment, p. 84--The discovery of argon, p. 86--Professor Ramsay's work on krypton, neon, and zenon, p. 87--Discoveries of new constituents of the atmosphere, p. 88--Interesting questions raised by these discoveries, p. 89--Professor J. J. Thomson and the nature of electricity, p. 92--Study of gases in relation to the conduction of electricity, p. 93--Electricity regarded as a form of matter, p. 97--Radio-activity, p. 97--The nature of emanations from radio-active bodies, p. 10a--The source of energy of radioactivity, p. 106--Radio-activity and the structure of the atom, p. 108--Effect of radio-activity upon heat-giving life of the sun and the earth, p. 111.

The "dream city" of Jena, p. 145--The old market-place, p. 147--The old lecture-halls of the university, p. 148--Ernst Haeckel, p. 151--His discoveries of numerous species of radiolarians, p. 153--The part played in evolution by radiolarians, p. 156--Haeckel's work on morphology, and its aid to Darwinian philosophy, p. 156--Freedom of thought and expression in the University of Jena, p. 157--Haeckel's laboratory, p. 160--His method of working, p. 161--His methods of teaching, p. 164--The import of the study of zoology, p. 166--Its bearing upon evolution, p. 168--The present status of Haeckel's genealogical tree regarding the ancestry of man, p. 171--Dubois's discovery of the skull of the ape-man of Java, p. 173--Its close resemblance to the skull of the ape, p. 173--Man's line of descent clearly traced by Haeckel, p. 175--The "missing link" no longer missing, p. 176.

The Boulevard Pasteur, p. 179--The Pasteur Institute, p. 180--The tomb of Pasteur within the walls, p. 181--Aims and objects of the Pasteur Institute, p. 182--Antirabic treatment given, p. 183--Methods of teaching in the institute, p. 185--The director of the institute and his associates, p. 185--The Virchow Institute of Pathology, p. 186--Studies of the causes of diseases, p. 187--Organic action and studies of cellular activities, p. 188--The discoveries of Rudolph Virchow, p. 188--His work in pathology, p. 189--Character of the man, his ways of living and working, p. 189--His methods of lecturing and teaching, p. 191--The Berlin Institute of Hygiene, p. 193--Work of Professor Koch as carried on in the institute, p. 194--Work of his successors in the institute, p. 195--Investigations in hygiene, p. 196--Investigations of the functions of the human body in their relations to everyday environment, p. 197--The Museum of Hygiene, p. 198--Studies in methods of constructing sewerage systems in large cities, p. 199--Studies in problems of ventilation, p. 200.

The ever-shifting ground of scientific progress, p. 203--Solar and telluric problems, p. 205--Mayer's explanation of the continued heat of the sun, p. 206--Helmholtz's suggestion as to the explanation, p. 207--The estimate of the heat-giving life of the sun by Lord Kelvin and Professor Tait, p. 208--Lockyer's suggestion that the chemical combination of elements might account for the sun's heat, p. 209--Computations as to the age of the earth's crust, p. 210--Lord Kelvin's computation of the rigidity of the telluric structure, p. 211--Estimates of the future life of the earth, p. 212--Physical problems, p. 213--Attempts to explain the power of gravitation, p. 214--The theory of Le Sage, p. 214--Speculations based upon the hypothesis of the vortex atom, p. 216--Lord Kelvin's estimate of the vortex theory, p. 217--Attempted explanation of the affinity of atoms, p. 217--Solubility, as explained by Ostwald and Mendeleef, p. 218--Professor Van 't Hoof's studies of the space relations of atoms, p. 219--Life problems, p. 220--Question as to living forms on other worlds besides our own, p. 21 x--The question of the "spontaneous generation" of living protoplasm, p. 222--The question of the evolution from non-vital to vital matter, p. 223--The possibility of producing organic matter from inorganic in the laboratory, p. 224--Questions as to the structure of the cell, p. 225--Van Beneden's discovery of the centrosome, p. 226--Some problems of anthropology, p. 227.

The scientific attitude of mind, p. 2 30--Natural versus supernatural, p. 233--Inductive versus deductive reasoning, p. 235--Logical induction versus hasty generalization, p. 239--The future of Darwinism, p. 241.

A LIST OF SOURCES

A HISTORY OF SCIENCE--BOOK V

ASPECTS OF RECENT SCIENCE

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