: Memoirs of the Dukes of Urbino Volume 3 (of 3) Illustrating the Arms Arts and Literature of Italy from 1440 To 1630 by Dennistoun James Hutton Edward Editor - Renaissance Italy; Urbino Dukes of; Nobility Italy History; Urbino (Italy)

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INTRODUCTORY.

INVENTIONS AND DISCOVERIES.

Inventions and Discoveries.--Distinctions and Contrast.--The One, Useful Contrivances of Man; the Other, New Things Found in Nature.--Galileo and the Telescope.--Newton and the Law of Gravitation.--Often United as Soul and Body.--Inventions and Discoveries do not Precede or Succeed in Order.--Inventions-- Alphabetical Writing; Arabic Notation; The Mariner's Compass; The Telescope; The Steam Engine.--Discoveries;--Attraction of Gravitation; Planetary Motions; Circulation of Blood; Velocity of Light.--Nineteenth Century Inventions and Discoveries.-- Further Definitions.--Law of Development.--Contrivances, not Creations.--Man Always an Inventor.--Prof. Langley on Slow Growth of Inventions.--Inventions of this Century Outgrowth of Past Ones.--Egyptian Crooked Stick, Precursor of Modern Plough.--Hero of Alexandria and James Watt.--David's Harp and the Grand Piano.--Electrical Science in 1600 and the Present Day.--Evolution and Interrelation of the Arts.--Age of Machine Inventions.--Its Beginning.--The Inducements to Invention.-- Necessity not Always the Mother.--Wants of Various Kinds.-- Accident.--Governmental Protection the Greatest Incentive.-- Origin and Growth of Patent Laws.--Influence of Personal, Political and Intellectual Freedom and Education.--Arts of Civilization Due to the Inventor.--Macaulay's Estimate.-- Will Inventions Continue to Increase or Decrease.--Effect of Economic, Industrial and Social Life upon Inventions.--What Inventions have Done for Humanity.--Thread of the Centuries.-- The Roll of Inventions too Vast for Enumeration. 1

AGRICULTURE AND ITS IMPLEMENTS.

The Egyptians the Earliest and Greatest Agriculturists.-- Rome and Farming.--Cato, Varro, Virgil.--Columella.--Pliny.-- Palladius.--The Decline of Agriculture.--Northern Barbarism.-- Lowest Ebb in the Middle Ages.--Revival in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries.--With Invention of Printing.--Publications then, Concerning.--Growth in Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries.--Jethro Tull.--Arthur Young.--Washington.-- Jefferson.--The Art Scientifically Commenced with Sir Humphry Davy's Lectures on Soils and Plants, 1802-1812.--Societies.-- "Book Farming" and Prejudice of Farmers.--A Revisit of Ruth and Cincinnatus at Beginning of Nineteenth Century.--Their Implements still the Common Ones in Use.--The Plough and its History.--Its Essential Parts and their Evolution to Modern Forms.--Originated in Holland.--Growth in England and America.--Small, Jefferson, Newbold.--Lord Kames' Complaint.-- The American Plough.--Cutting Disks.--Steam Ploughs: Implements for Preparing the Soil for Planting.--Various Forms of Harrows. 13

AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS.

The Sowing of Grain.--The Sower of the Parables.--His Art and its Defects Lasted until Nineteenth Century.--The Problems to be Solved.--Assyrian and Chinese Seeding Implements.--India.-- Italy First to Introduce a Grain Sowing Machine, Seventeenth Century.--Zanon's Work on Agriculture, 1764.--Austria and England.--A Spaniard's Invention.--Don Lescatello.--The Drill of Jethro Tull.--A Clergyman, Cooke's Machine.--Washington and Others.--Modern Improvements in Seeders and their Operation and Functions.--Force Feed and Gravity Feed.--Graduated Flow.-- Divided Feeds for Separate Grains and Fertilizing Material.-- Garden Ploughs and Seeders.--Gangs of Heavy Ones.--Operated by Steam.--Corn Planters.--Walking and Riding.--Objects of Proper Planting.--How Accomplished by Machinery.--Variety of Machines.--Potatoes and the Finest Seeds.--Transplanters.-- Cultivators.--Their Purposes and Varieties.--Primitive and Modern Toilers.--Millet.--Tillers of the Soil no Longer "Brothers of the Ox." 23

AGRICULTURAL INVENTIONS.

Harvesting in Ancient Times.--The Sickle.--Pliny's Machine.-- Now the Clover Header.--Palladius' Description.--Improved in 1786.--Scotchman's Grain Cradle in 1794.--The Seven Ancient Wonders and the Seven Modern Wonders.--The Modern Harvester and the Cotton Gin.--Requirements of the Harvester.--Boyce.-- Meares.--Plucknett.--Gladstone and the First Front Draft Machine, 1806.--Salonen introduced Vibrating Knives over Stationary Blades, 1807.--Ogle and Reciprocating Knife Bar, 1822.--Rev. Patrick Bell, 1823, Cuts an Acre of Grain in an Hour.--Mowers and Reapers in America in 1820.--Reaper and Thresher combined by Lane, of Maine, 1828.--Manning's Harvester, 1831.--Schnebly.--Hussey.--McCormick, 1833-34.--Harvesters and Mowers at World's Fair, London, 1851.--Automatic Binders.--Wire and Twine.--Advances Shown at Centennial Exhibition, 1876.-- Inventions Beyond the Wildest Dreams of Former Farmers.--One Invention Generates Another.--Lawn Mowers.--Hay Forks and Stackers.--Corn, Cotton, Potato, Flax Harvesters.--Threshing.-- The Old Flail.--Egyptian and Roman Methods.--The First Modern Threshing Machine.--Menzies, Leckie, Meikle.--Combined Harvesters and Threshers.--Flax Threshers and Brakes.--Cotton Gins.--Eli Whitney.--Enormous Importance of this Machine in Cotton Products.--Displacement of Labour. 32

AGRICULTURAL INVENTIONS .

CHEMISTRY, MEDICINES, SURGERY, DENTISTRY.

Chemistry among the Ancients.--Egyptians.--Phnicians.-- Israelites.--Greeks and Romans.--Chinese.--Became a Science in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries.--Libavius.--Van Helmont.--Glauber--Tachenius.--Boyle.--L?mery.--Becher.-- Stahl.--Boerhaave.--Black.--Cavendish.--Lavoisier.--Priestley.-- Chemistry of Nineteenth Century a New World.--Atomic and Molecular Theories.--Light, Heat, and Electricity.--Correlation and Conservation of Forces.--Spectrum Analysis.--Laws of Chemical Changes.--John Dalton.--Wollaston.--Gay.--Lussac.-- Berzelius.--Huygens'and Newton's Discoveries in Light in Seventeenth Century.--Unfolded and Developed by Fraunhofer, Kirchoff.--Bunsen in the Nineteenth.--Young of America.-- Combination of Spectroscope and Telescope.--Huggins of England, Spectrum Analysis of the Stars.--Heat and other Forces.--Count Rumford.--Davy.--Mayer.--Helmholtz.--Colding.--Joule.--Grove.-- Faraday.--Sir William Thomson.--Le Conte and Martin.--French Revolution and Agricultural Chemistry.--Lavoisier, Berthollet.-- Guyton.--Fourcroy.--Napoleon.--Sir Humphry Davy.--Liebig.-- Fermentation.--Alcohol.--Yeast.--Malt.--Wines.--Beer.--Huxley's Lecture on Yeast, 1871.--Protein.--Protoplasm.--Evolution from one all-pervading Force.--Alcohol and Pasteur.--Manufacture of Liquors.--Carbonating.--Soils and Fertilisers.--Liquids, Oils, Sugar and Fats.--Bleaching and Dyeing.--Aniline Colours.-- Perfumes.--Electro-Chemical Methods.--Applied to the Production of Artificial Light.--Abradants.--Disinfectants.--Pigments.-- Mineral Analysis.--Purification of Water and Sewage.-- Electroplating Metals.--Chemicals and the Fine Arts.--Redemption of Waste Materials.--Medicines and Surgery.--Their Growth from Empiricism.--Anaesthetics.--Davy.--Morton.--Jackson.--Innumerable Medical Compounds.--Antiseptic Treatment of Wounds.--Vast Variety of Surgical Instruments Invented.--Four Thousand Patents in United States Alone.--Dentistry.--Its Ancient Origin.-- Account of Herodotus.--Revolution in, during Nineteenth Century.--Instruments.--Artificial Teeth.--Vast Relief from Pain. 58

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