: History of Greece Volume 08 (of 12) by Grote George - Greece History

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CONTINUATION OF HISTORICAL GREECE.

Rally of Athens, during the year after the defeat at Syracuse. B.C. 412.--Commencement of the conspiracy of the Four Hundred at Athens--Alkibiad?s.--Order from Sparta to kill Alkibiad?s.--He escapes, retires to Tissaphern?s, and becomes adviser of the Persians.--He advises the satrap to assist neither of the Grecian parties heartily--but his advice leans towards Athens, with a view to his own restoration.--Alkibiad?s acts as negotiator for Tissaphern?s at Magnesia.--Diminution of the rate of pay furnished by Tissaphern?s to the Peloponnesians.--Alkibiad?s opens correspondence with the Athenian officers at Samos. He originates the scheme of an oligarchical revolution at Athens.--Conspiracy arranged between the Athenian officer and Alkibiad?s.--Oligarchical Athenians--the hetaeries, or political clubs. Peisander is sent to push forward the conspiracy at Athens.--Credulity of the oligarchical conspirators.--Opposition of Phrynichus at Samos to the conspirators, and to Alkibiad?s.--Manoeuvres and counter-manoeuvres of Phrynichus and Alkibiad?s.--Proceedings of Peisander at Athens--strong opposition among the people both to the conspiracy and to the restoration of Alkibiad?s.--Unwilling vote of the assembly to relinquish their democracy, under the promise of Persian aid for the war. Peisander is sent back to negotiate with Alkibiad?s.--Peisander brings the oligarchical clubs at Athens into organized action against the democracy.--Peisander leaves Athens for Samos--Antiphon takes the management of the oligarchical conspiracy--Theramen?s and Phrynichus.--Military operations near the Asiatic coast.--Negotiations of Peisander with Alkibiad?s.--Tricks of Alkibiad?s--he exaggerates his demands, with a view of breaking off the negotiation--indignation of the oligarchs against him.--Reconciliation between Tissaphern?s and the Peloponnesians.--Third convention concluded between them.--Third convention compared with the two preceding.--Loss of Or?pus by Athens.--Peisander and his colleagues persist in the oligarchical conspiracy, without Alkibiad?s.--They attempt to subvert the democracy at Samos--assassination of Hyperbolus and others.--The democracy at Samos is sustained by the Athenian armament.--The Athenian Parali--defeat of the oligarchical conspiracy at Samos.--The Paralus is sent to Athens with the news.--Progress of the oligarchical conspiracy at Athens--dextrous management of Antiphon.--Language of the conspirators--juggle about naming Five Thousand citizens to exercise the political franchise exclusively.--Assassination of the popular speakers by Antiphon and the oligarchical party.--Return of Peisander to Athens--oligarchical government established in several of the allied cities.--Consummation of the revolution at Athens--last public assembly at Kol?nus.--Abolition of the Graph? Paranom?n.--New government proposed by Peisander--oligarchy of Four Hundred.--Fictitious and nominal aggregate called the Five Thousand.--The Four Hundred install themselves in the senate-house, expelling the senators by armed force.--Remarks on this revolution.--Attachment to constitutional forms at Athens--use made of this sentiment by Antiphon, to destroy the constitution.--Demagogues the indispensable counterpoise and antithesis to the oligarchs.--Proceedings of the Four Hundred in the government.--They make overtures for peace to Agis, and to the Spartans.--They send envoys to the camp at Samos.--First news of the revolution is conveyed to the camp by Chaereas--strong sentiment in the camp against the Four Hundred.--Ardent democratical manifestation, and emphatic oath, taken both by the Athenian armament at Samos and by the Samians.--The Athenian democracy is reconstituted by the armament--public assembly of the soldiers--new generals chosen.--Alkibiad?s opens correspondence with the democratical armament at Samos.--Alkibiad?s comes to Samos, on the invitation of the armament.--Confidence placed by the armament in his language and promises--they choose him one of their generals.--New position of Alkibiad?s--present turn of his ambition.--The envoys of the Four Hundred reach Samos--are indignantly sent back by the armament.--Eagerness of the armament to sail to Peiraeus--is discountenanced by Alkibiad?s--his answer to the envoys.--Dissuasive advice of Alkibiad?s--how far it is to be commended as sagacious.--Envoys sent from Argos to the "Athenian Demos at Samos."--Return of the envoys of the Four Hundred from Samos to Athens--bad prospects of the oligarchy.--Mistrust and discord among the Four Hundred themselves. An opposition party formed under Theramen?s.--Theramen?s demands that the Five Thousand shall be made a reality.--Measures of Antiphon and the Four Hundred--their solicitations to Sparta--construction of the fort of Ectioneia, for the admission of a Spartan garrison.--Unaccountable backwardness of the Lacedaemonians.--Assassination of Phrynichus--Lacedaemonian fleet hovering near Peiraeus.--Rising at Athens against the Four Hundred--demolition of the new fort at Ectioneia.--Decline of the Four Hundred--concessions made by them--renewal of the public assembly.--Lacedaemonian fleet threatens Peiraeus--passes by to Euboea.--Naval battle near Eretria--Athenians defeated--Euboea revolts.--Dismay at Athens--her ruin inevitable, if the Lacedaemonians had acted with energy.--The Four Hundred are put down--the democracy in substance restored.--Moderation of political antipathies, and patriotic spirit, now prevalent.--The Five Thousand--a number never exactly realized--were soon enlarged into universal citizenship.--Restoration of the complete democracy, all except pay.--Psephism of Demophantus--democratical oath prescribed.--Flight of most of the leaders of the Four Hundred to Dekeleia.--Theramen?s stands forward to accuse the remaining leaders of the Four Hundred, especially in reference to the fort at Ectioneia, and the embassy to Sparta.--Antiphon tried, condemned, and executed.--Treatment of the Four Hundred generally.--Favorable judgment of Thucydid?s on the conduct of the Athenians.--Oligarchy at Athens, democracy at Samos--contrast. 1-93

THE RESTORED ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY, AFTER THE DEPOSITION OF THE FOUR HUNDRED, DOWN TO THE ARRIVAL OF CYRUS THE YOUNGER IN ASIA MINOR.

Embarrassed state of Athens after the Four Hundred.--Peloponnesian fleet--revolt of Abydos from Athens.--Strombichid?s goes from Chios to the Hellespont--improved condition of the Chians.--Discontent in the Peloponnesian fleet at Mil?tus.--Strombichid?s returns from Chios to Samos.--Peloponnesian squadron and force at the Hellespont--revolt of Byzantium from Athens.--Discontent and meeting against Astyochus at Mil?tus.--The Spartan commissioner Lichas enjoins the Milesians to obey Tissaphern?s--discontent of the Milesians.--Mindarus supersedes Astyochus as admiral.--Phenician fleet at Aspendus--duplicity of Tissaphern?s.--Alkibiad?s at Aspendus--his double game between Tissaphern?s and the Athenians.--Phenicians sent back from Aspendus without action--motives of Tissaphern?s.--Mindarus leaves Mil?tus with his fleet--goes to Chios--Thrasyllus and the Athenian fleet at Lesbos.--Mindarus eludes Thrasyllus, and reaches the Hellespont.--Athenian Hellespontine squadron escapes from Sestos in the night.--Thrasyllus and the Athenian fleet at the Hellespont.--Battle of Kynoss?ma--victory of the Athenian fleet.--Rejoicing at Athens for the victory.--Bridge across the Euripus, joining Euboea with Boeotia.--Revolt of Kyzikus.--Zeal of Pharnabazus against Athens--importance of Persian money.--Tissaphern?s again courts the Peloponnesians.--Alkibiad?s returns from Aspendus to Samos.--Farther combats at the Hellespont.--Theramen?s sent out with reinforcements from Athens.--Renewed troubles at Korkyra.--Alkibiad?s is seized by Tissaphern?s and confined at Sardis.--Escape of Alkibiad?s--concentration of the Athenian fleet--Mindarus besieges Kyzikus.--Battle of Kyzikus--victory of the Athenians--Mindarus is slain, and the whole Peloponnesian fleet taken.--Discouragement of the Spartans--proposition to Athens for peace.--The Lacedaemonian Endius at Athens--his propositions for peace.--Refused by Athens--opposition of Kleophon.--Grounds of the opposition of Kleophon.--Question of policy as it then stood, between war and peace.--Strenuous aid of Pharnabazus to the Peloponnesians--Alkibiad?s and the Athenian fleet at the Bosphorus.--The Athenians occupy Chrysopolis, and levy toll on the ships passing through the Bosphorus.--The Lacedaemonians are expelled from Thasus.--Klearchus the Lacedaemonian is sent to Byzantium.--Thrasyllus sent from Athens to Ionia.--Thrasyllus and Alkibiad?s at the Hellespont.--Pylos is retaken by the Lacedaemonians--disgrace of the Athenian Anytus for not relieving it.--Capture of Chalk?don by Alkibiad?s and the Athenians.--Convention concluded by the Athenians with Pharnabazus.--Byzantium captured by the Athenians.--Pharnabazus conveys some Athenian envoys towards Susa, to make terms with the Great King. 93-135

FROM THE ARRIVAL OF CYRUS THE YOUNGER IN ASIA MINOR DOWN TO THE BATTLE OF ARGINUSAE.

Cyrus the younger--effects of his coming down to Asia Minor.--Pharnabazus detains the Athenian envoys.--Lysander--Lacedaemonian admiral in Asia.--Proceedings of the preceding admiral, Kratesippidas.--Lysander visits Cyrus at Sardis.--His dexterous policy--he acquires the peculiar esteem of Cyrus.--Abundant pay of the Peloponnesian armament, furnished by Cyrus.--Factions organized by Lysander among the Asiatic cities.--Proceedings of Alkibiad?s in Thrace and Asia.--His arrival at Athens.--Feelings and details connected with his arrival.--Unanimous welcome with which he is received.--Effect produced upon Alkibiad?s.--Sentiment of the Athenians towards him.--Disposition to refrain from dwelling on his previous wrongs, and to give him a new trial.--Mistaken confidence and intoxication of Alkibiad?s.--He protects the celebration of the Eleusinian mysteries by land, against the garrison of Dekeleia.--Fruitless attempt of Agis to surprise Athens.--Alkibiad?s sails with an armament to Asia--ill-success at Andros--entire failure in respect to hopes from Persia.--Lysander at Ephesus--his cautious policy, refusing to fight--disappointment of Alkibiad?s.--Alkibiad?s goes to Phokaea, leaving his fleet under the command of Antiochus--oppression by Alkibiad?s at Kym?.--Complaints of the Kymaeans at Athens--defeat of Antiochus at Notium during the absence of Alkibiad?s.--Dissatisfaction and complaint in the armament against Alkibiad?s.--Murmur and accusation against him transmitted to Athens.--Alteration of sentiment at Athens--displeasure of the Athenians against him.--Reasonable grounds of such alteration and displeasure.--Different behavior towards Nikias and towards Alkibiad?s.--Alkibiad?s is dismissed from his command--ten generals named to succeed him--he retires to the Chersonese.--Konon and his colleagues--capture and liberation of the Rhodian Dorieus by the Athenians.--Kallikratidas supersedes Lysander--his noble character.--Murmurs and ill-will against Kallikratidas--energy and rectitude whereby he represses them.--His spirited behavior in regard to the Persians.--His appeal to the Milesians--Pan-Hellenic feelings.--He fits out a commanding fleet--his success at Lesbos--he liberates the captives and the Athenian garrison at Methymna.--Noble character of this proceeding--exalted Pan-Hellenic patriotism of Kallikratidas.--He blocks up Konon and the Athenian fleet at Mityl?n?.--Triumphant position of Kallikratidas.--Hopeless condition of Konon--his stratagem to send news to Athens and entreat relief.--Kallikratidas defeats the squadron of Diomedon.--Prodigious effort of the Athenians to relieve Konon--large Athenian fleet equipped and sent to Arginusae--Kallikratidas withdraws most of his fleet from Mityl?n?, leaving Eteonikus to continue the blockade.--The two fleets marshalled for battle.--Comparative nautical skill, reversed since the beginning of the war.--Battle of Arginusae--defeat of the Lacedaemonians--death of Kallikratidas.--It would have been better for Greece, and even for Athens, if Kallikratidas had been victor at Arginusae.--Safe escape of Eteonikus and his fleet from Mityl?n? to Chios.--Joy of Athens for the victory--indignation arising from the fact that the Athenian seamen on the disabled ships had not been picked up after the battle.--State of the facts about the disabled ships, and the men left in them.--Despatch of the generals to Athens, affirming that a storm had prevented them from saving the drowning men.--Justifiable wrath and wounded sympathy of the Athenians--extreme excitement among the relatives of the drowned men.--The generals are superseded, and directed to come home.--Examination of the generals before the senate and the people at Athens.--Debate in the public assembly--Theramen?s accuses the generals as guilty of omitting to save the drowning men.--Effect of the accusation by Theramen?s upon the assembly.--Defence of the generals--they affirm that they had commissioned Theramen?s himself to undertake the duty.--Reason why the generals had not mentioned this commission in their despatch.--Different account given by Diodorus.--Probable version of the way in which the facts really occurred.--Justification of the generals--how far valid?--The alleged storm. Escape of Eteonikus.--Feelings of the Athenian public--how the case stood before them--decision adjourned to a future assembly.--Occurrence of the festival of Apaturia--the great family solemnity of the Ionic race.--Burst of feeling at the Apaturia--misrepresented by Xenophon.--Proposition of Kallixenus in the senate against the generals--adopted and submitted to the public assembly.--Injustice of the resolution--by depriving the generals of the customary securities for judicial trial. Psephism of Kann?nus.--Opposition taken by Euryptolemus on the ground of constitutional form.--Graph? Paranom?n.--Excitement of the assembly--constitutional impediment overruled.--The prytanes refuse to put the question--their opposition overruled, all except that of Sokrat?s.--Altered temper of the assembly when the discussion had begun--amendment moved and developed by Euryptolemus.--Speech of Euryptolemus.--His amendment is rejected--the proposition of Kallixenus is carried.--The six generals are condemned and executed.--Injustice of the proceeding--violation of the democratical maxims and sentiments.--Earnest repentance of the people soon afterwards--disgrace and end of Kallixenus.--Causes of the popular excitement.--Generals--not innocent men. 135-210

FROM THE BATTLE OF ARGINUSAE TO THE RESTORATION OF THE DEMOCRACY AT ATHENS, AFTER THE EXPULSION OF THE THIRTY.

Alleged propositions of peace from Sparta to Athens--doubtful.--Eteonikus at Chios--distress of his seamen--conspiracy suppressed.--Solicitations from Chios and elsewhere that Lysander should be sent out again.--Arrival of Lysander at Ephesus--zeal of his partisans--Cyrus.--Violent revolution at Mil?tus by the partisans of Lysander.--Cyrus goes to visit his dying father--confides his tributes to Lysander.--Inaction of the Athenian fleet after the battle of Arginusae.--Operations of Lysander.--Both fleets at the Hellespont.--Athenian fleet at AEgospotami.--Battle of AEgospotami--surprise and capture of the entire Athenian fleet.--Capture of the Athenian commanders, all except Konon.--Slaughter of the captive generals and prisoners.--The Athenian fleet supposed to have been betrayed by its own commanders.--Distress and agony at Athens, when the defeat of AEgospotami was made known there.--Proceedings of Lysander.--Miserable condition of the Athenian kleruchs, and of the friends of Athens in the allied dependencies.--Suffering in Athens.--Amnesty proposed by Patrokleid?s, and adopted.--Oath of mutual harmony sworn in the acropolis.--Arrival of Lysander. Athens is blocked up by sea and land.--Resolute holding-out of the Athenians--their propositions for capitulating are refused.--Pretences of Theramen?s--he is sent as envoy--his studied delay.--Misery and famine in Athens--death of Kleophon.--The famine becomes intolerable--Theramen?s is sent to obtain peace on any terms--debate about the terms at Sparta.--Peace is granted by Sparta, against the general sentiment of the allies.--Surrender of Athens--extreme wretchedness--number of deaths from famine.--Lysander enters Athens--return of the exiles--demolition of the Long Walls--dismantling of Peiraeus--fleet given up.--The exiles and the oligarchical party in Athens--their triumphant behavior and devotion to Lysander.--Kritias and other exiles--past life of Kritias.--Kritias at the head of the oligarchs at Athens.--Oligarchical leaders named at Athens.--Seizure of Strombichid?s and other eminent democrats.--Nomination of the Thirty, under the dictation of Lysander.--Conquest of Samos by Lysander--oligarchy restored there.--Triumphant return of Lysander to Sparta--his prodigious ascendency throughout Greece.--Proceedings of the Thirty at Athens--feelings of oligarchical men like Plato.--The Thirty begin their executions--Strombichid?s and the imprisoned generals put to death--other democrats also.--Senate appointed by the Thirty--is only trusted to act under their intimidation. Numerous executions without trial.--The senate began by condemning willingly everyone brought before them.--Discord among the Thirty--dissentient views of Kritias and Theramen?s.--Lacedaemonian garrison introduced--multiplied executions by Kritias and the Thirty.--Opposition of Theramen?s to these measures--violence and rapacity still farther increased--rich and oligarchical men put to death.--Plan of Kritias to gain adherents by forcing men to become accomplices in deeds of blood--resistance of Sokrat?s.--Terror and discontent in the city--the Thirty nominate a body of Three Thousand as partisan hoplites.--They disarm the remaining hoplites of the city.--Murders and spoliations by the Thirty. Seizure of the Metics.--Seizure of Lysias the rhetor and his brother Polemarchus. The former escapes--the latter is executed.--Increased exasperation of Kritias and the majority of the Thirty against Theramen?s.--Theramen?s is denounced by Kritias in the Senate--speech of Kritias.--Reply of Theramen?s.--Extreme violence of Kritias and the Thirty.--Condemnation of Theramen?s.--Death of Theramen?s--remarks on his character.--Increased tyranny of Kritias and the Thirty.--The Thirty forbid intellectual teaching.--Sokrat?s and the Thirty.--Growing insecurity of the Thirty.--Gradual alteration of feeling in Greece, since the capture of Athens.--Demand by the allies of Sparta to share in the spoils of the war--refused by Sparta.--Unparalleled ascendency of Lysander.--His overweening ambition--oppressive dominion of Sparta.--Disgust excited in Greece by the enormities of the Thirty.--Opposition to Lysander at Sparta--king Pausanias.--Kallikratidas compared with Lysander.--Sympathy at Thebes and elsewhere with the Athenian exiles.--Thrasybulus seizes Phyl?--repulses the Thirty in their attack.--Farther success of Thrasybulus--the Thirty retreat to Athens.--Discord among the oligarchy at Athens--seizure of the Eleusinians.--Thrasybulus establishes himself in Peiraeus.--The Thirty attack him and are defeated--Kritias is slain.--Colloquy during the burial-truce--language of Kleokritus.--Discouragement of the oligarchs at Athens--deposition of the Thirty and appointment of the Ten--the Thirty go to Eleusis.--The Ten carry on the war against the exiles.--Increasing strength of Thrasybulus.--Arrival of Lysander in Attica with a Spartan force.--Straightened condition of the exiles in Peiraeus.--Spartan king Pausanias conducts an expedition into Attica; opposed to Lysander.--His dispositions unfavorable to the oligarchy; reaction against the Thirty.--Pausanias attacks Peiraeus; his partial success.--Peace party in Athens--sustained by Pausanias.--Pacification granted by Pausanias and the Spartan authorities.--The Spartans evacuate Attica--Thrasybulus and the exiles are restored--harangue of Thrasybulus.--Restoration of the democracy.--Capture of Eleusis--entire reunion of Attica--flight of the survivors of the Thirty. 210-290

FROM THE RESTORATION OF THE DEMOCRACY TO THE DEATH OF ALKIBIADES.

Miserable condition of Athens during the two preceding years.--Immediate relief caused by the restoration.--Unanimous sentiment towards the renewed democracy.--Amnesty--treatment of the Thirty and the Ten.--Disfranchising proposition of Phormisius.--The proposition rejected--speech composed by Lysias against it.--Revision of the laws--the Nomothetae.--Decree, that no criminal inquiries should be carried back beyond the archonship of Eukleid?s, B.C. 403.--Oath taken by the senate and the dikasts modified.--Farther precautions to insure the observance of the amnesty.--Absence of harsh reactionary feeling, both after the Thirty and after the Four Hundred.--Generous and reasonable behavior of the demos--contrasted with that of the oligarchy.--Care of the people to preserve the rights of private property.--Repayment to the Lacedaemonians.--The horsemen, or knights.--Revision of the laws--Nikomachus.--Adoption of the fuller Ionic alphabet, in place of the old Attic, for writing up the laws.--Memorable epoch of the archonship of Eukleid?s. The rhetor Lysias.--Other changes at Athens--abolition of the Board of Hellenotamiae--restriction of the right of citizenship.--Honorary reward to Thrasybulus and the exiles.--Position and views of Alkibiad?s in Asia.--Artaxerxes Mn?mon, the new king of Persia. Plans of Cyrus--Alkibiad?s wishes to reveal them at Susa.--The Lacedaemonians conjointly with Cyrus require Pharnabazus to put him to death.--Assassination of Alkibiad?s by order of Pharnabazus.--Character of Alkibiad?s. 290-316

THE DRAMA.--RHETORIC AND DIALECTICS.--THE SOPHISTS.

Athens immediately after Eukleid?s--political history little known.--Extraordinary development of dramatic genius.--Gradual enlargement of tragedy.--Abundance of new tragedy at Athens.--Accessibility of the theatre to the poorest citizens.--The?rikon, or festival-pay.--Effect of the tragedies on the public mind of Athens.--AEschylus, Sophokl?s, and Euripid?s--modifications of tragedy.--Popularity arising from expenditure of money on the festivals.--Growth and development of comedy at Athens.--Comic poets before Aristophan?s--Kratinus, etc.--Exposure of citizens by name in comedy--forbidden for a time--then renewed--Krat?s and the milder comedy.--Aristophan?s.--Comedy in its effect on the Athenian mind.--Mistaken estimate of the comic writers, as good witnesses or just critics.--Aversion of Solon to the drama when nascent.--Dramatic poetry as compared with the former kinds of poetry.--Ethical sentiment, interest, and debate, infused into the drama.--The drama formed the stage of transition to rhetoric, dialectics, and ethical philosophy.--Practical value and necessity of rhetorical accomplishments.--Rhetoric and dialectics.--Empedokl?s of Agrigentum--first name in the rhetorical movement.--Zeno of Elea--first name in the dialectical movement.--Eleatic school--Parmenid?s.--Zeno and Melissus--their dialectic attacks upon the opponents of Parmenid?s.--Zeno at Athens--his conversation both with Perikl?s and with Sokrat?s.--Early manifestation, and powerful efficacy, of the negative arm in Grecian philosophy.--Rhetoric and dialectics--men of active life and men of speculation--two separate lines of intellectual activity.--Standing antithesis between these two intellectual classes--vein of ignorance at Athens, hostile to both.--Gradual enlargement of the field of education at Athens--increased knowledge and capacity of the musical teachers.--The sophists--true Greek meaning of that word--invidious sentiment implied in it.--The name sophist applied by Plato in a peculiar sense, in his polemics against the eminent paid teachers.--Misconceptions arising from Plato's peculiar use of the word sophist.--Paid teachers or sophists of the Sokratic age--Protagoras, Gorgias, etc.--Plato and the sophists--two different points of view--the reformer and theorist against the practical teacher.--The sophists were professional teachers for active life, like Isokrat?s and Quintilian.--Misinterpretations of the dialogues of Plato as carrying evidence against the sophists.--The sophists as paid teachers--no proof that they were greedy or exorbitant--proceeding of Protagoras.--The sophists as rhetorical teachers--groundless accusations against them in that capacity, made also against Sokrat?s, Isokrat?s, and others.--Thrasymachus--his rhetorical precepts.--Prodikus--his discrimination of words analogous in meaning.--Protagoras--his treatise on Truth--his opinions about the pagan gods.--His view of the cognitive process and its relative nature.--Gorgias--his treatise on physical subjects--misrepresentations of the scope of it.--Unfounded accusations against the sophists.--They were not a sect or school, with common doctrines or method; they were a profession, with strong individual peculiarities.--The Athenian character was not really corrupted, between 480 B.C. and 405 B.C.--Prodikus--The choice of Hercules.--Protagoras--real estimate exhibited of him by Plato.--Hippias of Elis--how he is represented by Plato.--Gorgias, P?lus, and Kallikl?s.--Doctrine advanced by P?lus.--Doctrine advanced by Kallikl?s--anti-social.--Kallikl?s is not a sophist.--The doctrine put into his mouth could never have been laid down in any public lecture among the Athenians.--Doctrine of Thrasymachus in the "Republic" of Plato.--Such doctrine not common to all the sophists--what is offensive in it is, the manner in which it is put forward.--Opinion of Thrasymachus afterwards brought out by Glaukon--with less brutality, and much greater force of reason.--Plato against the sophists generally. His category of accusation comprehends all society, with all the poets and statesmen.--It is unjust to try either the sophists or the statesmen of Athens, by the standard of Plato.--Plato distinctly denies that Athenian corruption was to be imputed to the sophists.--The sophists were not teachers of mere words, apart from action.--General good effect of their teaching upon the youth.--Great reputation of the sophists--evidence of respect for intellect and of a good state of public sentiment. 317-399

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