: Soldiers of the Legion Trench-Etched by Bowe John - World War 1914-1918 Personal narratives; France. Armée. Légion étrangère

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Transcriber's notes:

Characters following a carat were printed in superscript.

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ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA

A DICTIONARY OF ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL INFORMATION

ELEVENTH EDITION

VOLUME V, SLICE VI

Celtes, Konrad to Ceramics

ARTICLES IN THIS SLICE:

CELTES, KONRAD CENTO CELTIBERIA CENTO CEMENT CENTRAL AMERICA CEMETERY CENTRAL FALLS CENCI, BEATRICE CENTRALIA CENOBITES CENTRAL INDIA CENOMANI CENTRAL PROVINCES AND BERAR CENOTAPH CENTUMVIRI CENSOR CENTURION CENSORINUS CENTURIPE CENSUS CENTURY CENTAUREA CEOS CENTAURS CEPHALIC INDEX CENTAURUS CEPHALONIA CENTAURY CEPHALOPODA CENTENARY CEPHEUS CENTERVILLE CEPHISODOTUS CENTIPEDE CERAM CENTLIVRE, SUSANNA CERAMICS

CELTIBERIA, a term used by Greek and Roman writers to denote, sometimes the whole north-east of Spain, and sometimes the north-east part of the central plateau of the peninsula. The latter was probably the correct use. The Celtiberi, in this narrower sense, were not so much one tribe as a group of cantons--Arevaci, Pelendones, Berones and four or five others. They were the most warlike people in Spain, and for a long time offered a stubborn resistance to the Romans. Originally Carthaginian mercenaries, they were induced to serve the Romans in a similar capacity, and Livy distinctly states that they were the first mercenaries in the Roman army. They did not, however, keep faith, and several campaigns were undertaken against them. In 179 B.C. the whole country was subdued by T. Sempronius Gracchus, who by his generous treatment of the vanquished gained their esteem and affection. In 153 they again revolted, and were not finally overcome until the capture of Numantia . The twenty years' war waged round this city, and its siege and destruction by Scipio the Younger form only the most famous episode in the long struggle, which has left its mark in entrenchments near Numantia excavated in 1906-1907 by German archaeologists. After the fall of Numantia, and still more after the death of Sertorius , the Celtiberians became gradually romanized, and town life grew up among their valleys; Clunia, for instance, became a Roman municipality, and ruins of its walls, gates and theatre testify to its civilization; while Bilbilis , another municipality, was the birthplace of the eminently Roman poet Martial. The Celtiberians may have been so called because they were thought to be the descendants of Celtic immigrants from Gaul into Iberia , or because they were regarded as a mixed race of Celts and Spaniards ; in either case the name represents a geographer's theory rather than an ascertained fact. That a strong Celtic element existed in Spain is proved both by numerous traditions and by the more trustworthy evidence of place-names. The Celtic place-names of Spain, however, are not confined to Celtiberia or even to the north and east; they occur even in the south and west.

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