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THE BUILDING OF A RAILWAY 1

Roman Tramways of Stone--First Use of Iron Rails--The Modern Railway created by Stephenson's "Rocket" in 1830--Early American Locomotives--Key to the Evolution of the American Railway--Invention of the Swivelling Truck, Equalizing Beams, and the Switchback--Locating a Road--Work of the Surveying Party--Making the Road-bed--How Tunnels are Avoided--More than Three Thousand Bridges in the United States--Old Wooden Structures--The Howe Truss--The Use of Iron--Viaducts of Steel--The American System of Laying Bridge Foundations under Water--Origin of the Cantilever--Laying the Track--How it is Kept in Repair--Premiums for Section Bosses--Number of Railway Employees in the United States--Rapid Railway Construction--Radical Changes which the Railway will Effect.

FEATS OF RAILWAY ENGINEERING 47

Development of the Rail--Problems for the Engineer--How Heights are Climbed--The Use of Trestles--Construction on a Mountain Side--Engineering on Rope Ladders--Through the Portals of a Ca?on--Feats on the Oroya Railroad, Peru--Nochistongo Cut--Rack Rails for Heavy Grades--Difficulties in Tunnel Construction--Bridge Foundations--Cribs and Pneumatic Caissons--How Men work under Water--The Construction of Stone Arches--Wood and Iron in Bridge-building--Great Suspension Bridges--The Niagara Cantilever and the enormous Forth Bridge--Elevated and Underground Roads--Responsibilities of the Civil Engineer.

AMERICAN LOCOMOTIVES AND CARS 100

RAILWAY MANAGEMENT 149

Relations of Railway Management to all Other Pursuits--Developed by the Necessities of a Complex Industrial Life--How a Continuous Life is Given to a Corporation--Its Artificial Memory--Main Divisions of Railway Management--The Executive and Legislative Powers--The Purchasing and Supply Departments--Importance of the Legal Department--How the Roadway is Kept in Repair--The Maintenance of Rolling Stock--Schedule-making--The Handling of Extra Trains--Duties of the Train-despatcher--Accidents in Spite of Precautions--Daily Distribution of Cars--How Business is Secured and Rates are Fixed--The Interstate Commerce Law--The Questions of "Long and Short Hauls" and "Differentials"--Classification of Freight--Regulation of Passenger-rates--Work of Soliciting Agents--The Collection of Revenue and Statistics--What is a Way-bill--How Disbursements are Made--The Social and Industrial Problem which Confronts Railway Corporations.

SAFETY IN RAILROAD TRAVEL 187

The Possibilities of Destruction in the Great Speed of a Locomotive--The Energy of Four Hundred Tons Moving at Seventy-five Miles an Hour--A Look ahead from a Locomotive at Night--Passengers Killed and Injured in One Year--Good Discipline the Great Source of Safety--The Part Played by Mechanical Appliances--Hand-brakes on Old Cars--How the Air-brake Works--The Electric Brake--Improvements yet to be Made--Engine Driver Brakes--Two Classes of Signals: those which Protect Points of Danger, and those which Keep an Interval between Trains on the Same Track--The Semaphore--Interlocking Signals and Switches--Electric Annunciators to Indicate the Movements--The Block Signal System--Protection for Crossings--Gates and Gongs--How Derailment is Guarded Against--Safety Bolts--Automatic Couplers--The Vestibule as a Safety Appliance--Car Heating and Lighting.

RAILWAY PASSENGER TRAVEL 228

The Earliest Railway Passenger Advertisement--The First Time-table Published in America--The Mohawk & Hudson Train--Survival of Stage-coach Terms in English Railway Nomenclature--Simon Cameron's Rash Prediction--Discomforts of Early Cars--Introduction of Air-brakes, Patent Buffers and Couplers, the Bell-cord, and Interlocking Switches--The First Sleeping-cars--Mr. Pullman's Experiments--The "Pioneer"--Introduction of Parlor and Drawing-room Cars--The Demand for Dining-cars--Ingenious Devices for Heating Cars--Origin of Vestibule-cars--An Important Safety Appliance--The Luxuries of a Limited Express--Fast Time in America and England--Sleeping-cars for Immigrants--The Village of Pullman--The Largest Car-works in the World--Baggage-checks and Coupon Tickets--Conveniences in a Modern Depot--Statistics in Regard to Accidents--Proportion of Passengers in Various Classes--Comparison of Rates in the Leading Countries of the World.

THE FREIGHT-CAR SERVICE 267


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